Refractory carbon depletion by photolysis through dust collisions and vertical mixing Vignesh Vaikundaraman, Joanna Drążkowska, Fabian Binkert, Til Birnstiel and Anna Miotello A&A, 696 (2025) A215 Published online: 25 April 2025 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202553850