K. M. T. Yamada,1 - C. Degli Esposti2 - P. Botschwina3 - P. Förster1 - L. Bizzocchi2 - S. Thorwirth
,1 - G. Winnewisser1
1 - I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicherstraße 77,
50937 Cologne, Germany
2 - Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician'', Università di Bologna,
Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
3 - Institut Für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen,
Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Received 26 March 2004 / Accepted 3 June 2004
Abstract
The rotational spectrum of the semistable HC5N molecule has
been investigated in the millimeter-wave region for eight excited bending
states which lie below 500 cm-1, namely
v11 =1, 2, 3, and 4,
v10=1, v9=1, (
v10 = 1,
v11 = 1), and (
v10 = 1,
v11 = 2).
Transitions up to
were measured, reaching a frequency
as high as 270 GHz.
The set of spectroscopic constants determined in the present work makes it possible
to predict with much improved accuracy the transition frequencies of millimeter-wave
lines produced by vibrationally excited HC5N in hot core molecular sources and
circumstellar shells.
In addition, results of extensive CCSD(T) calculations are presented,
which yield accurate term values for low-lying bending vibrational states.
Key words: molecular data - methods: laboratory - techniques: spectroscopic - radio lines: ISM
The first laboratory study of the rotational spectrum of cyanobutadiyne (HC5N) was published by Alexander et al. (1976), who recorded the ground-state spectra of the main isotopomer and of all the mono-substituted isotopic species in the centimeter-wave (cm-wave) region, from 26 to 40 GHz. In the same year Avery et al. (1976) reported the first interstellar detection of this carbon chain in the molecular cloud Sgr B2, where the 10.65 GHz line was observed. Since that time, the number of new HC5N sources and interstellar transitions has increased regularly, leading to the detection of emission lines also in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) region (Winnewisser & Walmsley 1979), for the deuterated species (MacLeod et al. 1981), and for the 13C-containing isotopomers (Takano et al. 1990). The study of the ground-state rotational spectrum of HC5N was extended to the mm-wave region by Winnewisser et al. (1982), and then to the submm-wave region by Bizzocchi et al. (2004). The latter paper also includes accurate mm-wave transition frequencies for the spectra of the 13C and 15N-containing species of both normal and deuterated variants of cyanobutadiyne.
HC5N has several low-lying bending vibrational states, as was theoretically predicted by Botschwina et al. (1997) through CCSD(T) calculations with the cc-pVTZ basis set. Its room-temperature rotational spectrum therefore exhibits a rich pattern of vibrational satellites, which were first analyzed by Hutchinson et al. (1980) in the 26-40 GHz region. Usually interstellar clouds are very cold, so that rotational lines from vibrationally excited states are less frequently observed by radioastronomy, although some hot core sources exhibit emissions due to rotational transitions produced by vibrationally excited molecules. For example, rotational transitions belonging to eleven vibrationally excited states of HC3N were detected toward the hot core associated with the UC H II region G10.47+0.03 (Wyrowski et al. 1999), thus providing valuable information about the IR field which populates the vibrational levels.
More recently, mm-wave lines of vibrationally excited HC5N were observed toward the proto-planetary nebula CRL 618 (Wyrowski et al. 2003; Cernicharo et al. 2001; Thorwirth 2001), whose thick and dusty molecular envelope is particularly rich in small hydrocarbons, which produce a rather congested mm-wave spectrum. These recent observations stimulated the present laboratory work, whose objective is a detailed analysis of the mm-wave spectra for the low-lying excited states of HC5N, to provide accurate rest frequencies useful for a certain identification of the corresponding radioastronomical lines. The present paper reports new mm-wave laboratory measurements for eight vibrationally excited states of cyanobutadiyne which lie below 500 cm-1. The measurements were performed in the frequency range from 60 to 270 GHz and they provide very accurate values of the spectroscopic constants needed to predict precise mm-wave rest frequencies for all the excited states investigated, which are the most likely to be observable in hot molecular sources. In addition, results of more extensive CCSD(T) calculations will be presented which yield improved term values for bending vibrational states as well as a number of spectroscopic constants.
Table 1: Calculateda spectroscopic constants for the low-lying v9=1, v10=1, and v11=1 singly excited bending states of HC5N.
The coupled cluster variant CCSD(T) (Raghavachari et al. 1989) has been employed in the
calculation of a complete cubic force field for HC5N.
The cc-pVQZ basis set (Dunning Jr. 1989) was used and valence electrons were
correlated in the coupled cluster calculations.
These were carried out with the MOLPRO2000 suite of programs (Werner & Knowles 2000).
Quantities of interest for the present paper are the energies of bending
vibrational states below 500 cm-1, vibration-rotation coupling
constants ()
and l-type doubling constants (qt and qtJ).
The results of the calculations are listed in Table 1.
The first line contains the harmonic vibrational wavenumbers
,
and
which, on the basis of previous experience
with calculations of this sort (Botschwina 2003), should be accurate to better
than 5 cm-1.
Anharmonicity effects are expected to be small.
Comparison with experiment is currently possible only for the bending vibration
with highest wavenumber which is predominantly HCC-bending in character.
The ratio
is 1.013, where the experimental
anharmonic wavenumber is taken from an earlier FTIR work (Haas et al. 1994).
We expect differences between harmonic and anharmonic values of only about 1% also for the other bending
vibrations which all correspond to heavier-atom
small-amplitude vibrations.
The term energies (in cm-1) of low-lying excited bending vibrational
states with respect to the vibrational ground state may therefore be approximated
reasonably well by the formula:
The excited-state rotational spectra of cyanobutadiyne have been recorded in
selected frequency regions using two different source-modulation mm-wave
spectrometers which operate in Cologne (I. Physikalisches Institut) and Bologna
(Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician'') respectively.
The spectrometer used in Cologne for the present measurements has been described
earlier (Mauer et al. 1988).
The radiation sources were phase-locked solid-state Gunn oscillators with subsequent
harmonic generation.
Using a He-cooled InSb detector, the rotational spectra of HC5N were recorded
in the frequency range from 60 to 250 GHz.
Source frequency modulation was applied and the signal was demodulated
at 2f, thus obtaining the 2nd derivative of the actual spectrum profile.
The sample was prepared by a dc discharge in a mixture of acrylonitrile
(vinyl cyanide) vapor and acetylene gas.
The discharge products were collected in a trap kept at -110 C.
The sample was purified by low temperature distillation and the spectra were recorded
using the portion evaporating in a temperature range from -50 to -30
C.
The absorption cell was a 4.5 m long glass tube sealed by PTFE windows.
The sample pressure was in the range 0.2 to 0.4 Pa and all measurements were
carried out at room temperature.
A similar spectrometer has been used in Bologna to record additional HC5N lines
between 80 and 270 GHz, and a detailed description can be found in a previous paper
(Bizzocchi & Degli Esposti 2001).
The main difference lies in the fact that a room-temperature Schottky-barrier diode was
employed to observe the lines below 190 GHz.
In addition, a completely different method was used to produce HC5N, based on gas-phase
copyrolysis (
C) of pyridine and PCl3 in a flow reactor,
as already described (Bizzocchi et al. 2004).
The high-temperature reactor was connected to the absorption cell of the mm-wave
spectrometer, and the HC5N spectra were recorded while the pyrolysis products were
continuously pumped through the cell.
Table 2: Spectroscopic constants determined for the ground, v9=1, v10=1, and v11=1 fundamental bending states of HC5N. Standard errors in units of the last digit are given in parentheses for the fitted parameters.
We have investigated the mm-wave spectra of HC5N in the
v11=1, 2, 3, and 4,
v10=1, v9=1, (
v10=1, v11=1), and (
v10=1, v11=2) excited states,
which all lie below 500 cm-1 (cf. Table 1).
Earlier cm-wave frequency data were available for all the states studied (Hutchinson et al. 1980);
we have extended the measurements reaching a frequency as high as 270 GHz.
All the mentioned states involve excitation of at least one bending quantum, so that
multiplets of rotational lines were always recorded for each
transition,
owing to l-type resonance effects between the different l sublevels.
The spectra were analyzed using the formalism originally developed by Yamada and coworkers
(Yamada et al. 1985; Niederhoff & Yamada 1993) and employed recently to fit the excited-state rotational spectra of
the carbon chain HC5P (Bizzocchi et al. 2003).
Briefly, the ro-vibrational Hamiltonian has been first represented using the unsymmetrized
basis functions
,
where
k = l9 + l10 + l11.
Adopting the simplified notation
,
the diagonal
elements of the Hamiltonian matrix actually employed are:
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Figure 1:
Spectrum of the low frequency components for the
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The measurements for the bending states v9 = 1,
v10 = 1 and
v11 = 1 have
been extended up to 270 GHz, reaching a J value as high as 100.
For these states each rotational transition is split into two components because of
l-type doubling.
The low-frequency components of the doublets for the v11=1 and v10=1 states are
accidentally superimposed up to 100 GHz, but at higher frequencies they are well
separated, as Fig. 1 shows.
Owing to this, the absorption frequencies measured for blended transitions were always
assigned to the most populated v11=1 state, but they were analyzed using a six times
smaller weighting factor (
).
The peak-intensities observed for the excited-state lines are consistent with the
theoretical values of the vibrational harmonic wavenumbers reported in
Table 1.
The measured frequencies have been analyzed through Eqs. (2)
and (3) (having k = l9, or l10, or l11), fitting the rotational
constant B, the quartic centrifugal distortion constant D and the l-type doubling
parameters qt and qtJ.
The sextic centrifugal distortion constant H gives a small, but not completely negligible
contribution to the observed frequencies, and it was therefore held fixed at the value
determined for the ground state (Bizzocchi et al. 2004).
This produced a decrease in the standard deviation of the fits of ca. 2 kHz.
The same procedure was followed for the subsequent least-squares analyses.
The lists of the experimental transition frequencies are collected in Tables 5-7; which are
available in electronic form at the CDS.
The results of the least squares fits are listed in Table 2, where
the ground-state constants previously determined (Bizzocchi et al. 2004) and the derived
vibration-rotation interaction constants (
)
are also reported.
We have extended the measurements for these overtone bending states up to 230 GHz,
reaching J values as high as 85, thus making possible a more accurate analysis of the
l-type resonance effects between the various l-sublevels produced by progressive
excitation of the lowest energy bending mode.
The high-J transitions recorded allowed us to observe l-type splittings also for the
lines of the
and
sublevels, starting
from the
and
transitions, respectively.
The spectra have been analyzed using Eqs. (2) and (3), having
k = l11.
The constants q11 and q11J were fitted for the
v11 = 3 state, which has
degenerate
sublevels, but they were constrained to interpolated or extrapolated
values for the
v11 = 2 and
v11 = 4 states, respectively.
The measured transition frequencies analyzed for these overtone bending states are
listed in Tables 8-10 available at the CDS, while the results of the least-squares fits are
collected in Table 3.
Table 3: Spectroscopic constants determined for the v11=2, 3, and 4 overtone bending states of HC5N. Standard errors in units of the last digit are given in parentheses for the fitted parameters.
![]() |
Figure 2:
Spectrum of the
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Open with DEXTER |
When the bending modes v10 and v11 are simultaneously excited, with
v10 = v11 = 1, then four independent symmetrized basis functions can be built up,
two of which have k = 0, and two k = 2.
The resulting four sublevels can therefore be labelled as 0+, 0-, 2+, and 2-,
and a quadruplet of lines must be expected for each
transition.
The
quadruplet of the (
v10=1, v11=1) state is shown in
Fig. 2, together with the nearby triplet of lines produced by the v11=2state.
For the bending combination in which
v10 = 1 and
v11 = 2, six independent
symmetrized basis functions can be built up, and the corresponding substates can be
indicated as -1+, -1-, 1+, 1-, 3+, and 3-, from which six lines
originate for each
transition.
Transition frequencies have been measured up to 230 GHz, and analyzed through
Eqs. (2)-(5) taking into account both rotational and
vibrational l-type resonances.
The qt constants involved in the off-diagonal matrix elements were left free in
both fits to obtain a better agreement between experimental and calculated frequencies.
The fitted values are only slightly different from those of the corresponding fundamental
bending states, as expected for a normal vibrational dependence of the qt constants.
The experimental transition frequencies are listed in Tables 11 and 12 available at the CDS.
The results of the least-squares fits are collected in Table 4.
Table 4: Spectroscopic constants determined for the ( v10=1, v11=1) and ( v10=1, v11=2) bending combination states of HC5N. Standard errors in units of the last digit are given in parentheses for the fitted parameters.
This paper extends to the mm-wave region the study of the rotational spectra for eight
vibrationally excited states of HC5N which lie below 500 cm-1.
All the states investigated involve excitation of at least one bending quantum, so that
l-type resonance effects had to be taken into account in the analysis of the spectra
to obtain spectroscopic parameters with a clear physical meaning.
At present, this paper provides the best set of rest frequencies for rotational transitions
of the low-lying vibrational excited states of HC5N, whose mm-wave lines have recently been
detected in CRL 618 (Wyrowski et al. 2003; Cernicharo et al. 2001; Thorwirth 2001).
The improved set of spectroscopic constants derived from the analysis of the spectra makes
it possible now to predict excited-state line frequencies with uncertainties of a few
kHz at
(
level).
In comparison with previous results (Hutchinson et al. 1980), the accuracy of the predicted frequencies
has been improved by more than two orders of magnitude, thus making possible more reliable
assignments of radio lines due to the rather dense spectrum produced by vibrationally
excited HC5N.
As an example, it can be mentioned that a feature observed at 101.74 GHz in the radio
spectrum of CRL 618 (Cernicharo et al. 2001, Fig. 3) has been assigned to the unresolved
doublet of the v11=3 state, but our analyses
establish that nearly at the same frequency there
is also the
transition
of the (
v10=1, v11=2), k=-1+ sublevel.
According to the theoretical predictions from the present work (cf. Table 1),
the latter lies ca. 290 cm-1 below the v10=3 state and so a transition within
the (
v10=1, v11=2) combination tone is a more likely candidate for the observed feature.
Finally, the present paper provides rather accurate theoretical predictions for term values
of various low-lying bending vibrational states of HC5N, which should be of help in
determining the population distribution of vibrationally excited HC5N in hot core sources and
circumstellar shells.
Acknowledgements
The work at Cologne has been supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Grant SFB 494 and by additional funding from the Minisitry of Science and Technology of the State Nordrhein-Westfalen. L.B. and C.D.E. gratefully acknowledge financial support from MIUR and from the University of Bologna (Funds for Selected Research Topics). Thanks are also due to the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie for providing support to P.B.