A&A 425, 249-253 (2004)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20041009

A low-mass stellar companion of the planet host star HD 75289

M. Mugrauer ¹ - R. Neuhäuser ¹ - T. Mazeh ² - J. Alves ³ - E. Guenther ⁴

1 - Astrophysikalisches Institut, Universität Jena, Schillergäßchen 2-3, 07745 Jena, Germany
2 - Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
3 - European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
4 - Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany

Received 2 April 2004 / Accepted 3 June 2004

Abstract
We report on the detection of a new low-mass stellar companion of HD 75289, a G0V star that harbors one known radial-velocity planet (Udry et al. 2000, A&A, 356, 590). Comparing an image from 2MASS with an image we obtained with SofI at the ESO 3.58 m NTT three years later, we detected a co-moving companion located $21.465\pm0.023$ arcsec ($621\pm10$ AU at 29 pc) east of HD 75289. A second SofI image taken 10 months later confirmed the common proper motion of HD 75289 B with its host star. The infrared spectrum and colors of the companion are consistent with an M 2 to M 5 main-sequence star at the distance of HD 75289. No further (sub)stellar companion down to H=19 mag could be detected. With the SofI detection limit we can rule out additional stellar companions beyond 140 AU and substellar companions with masses $m\ge0.050~M_{\odot}$ from 400 AU up to 2000 AU.

Key words: stars: low-mass, brown dwarfs - stars: planetary systems

1 Introduction

More than 100 extrasolar planets have been discovered so far. Some of these planets have been found in multiple stellar systems. These planets are of particular interest, because they could provide some hints about the possible implications of stellar multiplicity for planet formation and for the stability and evolution of planet orbits. A first indication of such possible influence could be the apparent difference between the mass-period relation for planets in systems with only one star and that of planets in multiple stellar systems (Zucker & Mazeh 2002). Furthermore Eggenberger et al. (2004) pointed out that planets orbiting in multiple stellar systems tend to have a very low eccentricity when their period is shorter than about 40 days.

Several groups have already searched for close (sub)stellar companions of the radial-velocity (RV) planet host stars using adaptive optics. However, an interesting regime of companions, with separations up to $\sim$1000 AU, is not accessible to those searches because of their small field of view (FOV). By using relatively wide field images and going relatively deep (see Sect. 2), we are able to detect wide (sub)stellar companions which could not be found so far by the less sensitive all-sky IR surveys like 2MASS or DENIS.

Therefore, at the end of 2000, we started an observing program to search for unknown wide (sub)stellar companions of all stars known to harbor giant planets. So far, we have obtained a first image for most of our target stars with the 3.8 m UKIRT on Hawaii (northern sample) and the 3.58 m ESO NTT in Chile (southern sample). In most cases the sensitivity of the IR cameras is sufficient to detect substellar companions with a separation down to the seeing limit (${\sim}1''$). This implies that we are sensitive to companions with projected separations from $\sim$100 AU up to several 1000 AU. For young RV planet host stars like $\iota$ Hor (HD 17051) or $\epsilon$ Eri (HD 22049), with an age of only a few tens to a hundred Myrs, even wide planetary companions can be detected. The sensitivity is achieved by an observing strategy that avoids saturation close to the host star ( $\rightarrow$ detection of close companions) and by using relatively large array IR detectors ( $\rightarrow$ large FOV of more than 100 arcsec) for the detection of wide companions.

Our effort already yielded one new astrometric confirmation in the northern sample. We could detect common proper motion of the star HD 89744 and of a companion (Mugrauer et al. 2004 AN submitted), suggested by Wilson et al. (2001). The companion is separated by about 2500 AU from its host star, with an effective temperature ( $T_{\rm eff}$) of about 2200 K and a mass between 0.072 and 0.081 $M_{\odot }$, depending on the evolutionary model and the assumed age. This companion to the RV host star, HD 89744 B, is either a very low mass stellar object or a heavy brown dwarf companion to an RV planet host star.

In this paper we report astrometric and spectroscopic evidence for a new stellar companion found in our southern survey of the region around the G0V star HD 75289, for which Udry et al. (2000) found a planet with $m\sin i = 0.42~M_{\rm Jup}$ in a 3.51 day orbit.

2 Imaging, data reduction and calibration

Our own observations of HD 75289 were obtained in the H band (1.6 $\mu$m) with the 3.58 m ESO NTT. This telescope is equipped with active optics which dramatically reduced dome and telescope seeing, yielding images with the seeing limit of the atmosphere. The IR detector is SofI, a $1024\times1024$ HgTeCd detector with 18 $\mu$m pixels and a pixel scale of approximately 0.144 arcsec in the so-called small field mode (147 arcsec FOV). To reduce saturation by the bright primary we chose an individual integration time to be as short as possible (1.2 s). To reach high sensitivity (i.e. a high limiting magnitude for the detection of faint companions), the total integration time was around 10 min, composed of many short integrated images.

The auto-jitter technique of the NTT telescope was applied to delete the IR sky background from each raw frame. The data-reduction was done with the ESO pipeline ECLIPSE. All images were flat fielded with a special dome flat image, provided by the NTT science team. At 1 arcsec seeing the detection limit ( ${\it S/N}=3$) is 19 mag in H for a total integration time of 10 min.

For calibration we identified 2MASS objects also detected on our NTT images. We used the coordinates of those objects from the 2MASS point source catalog to determine the NTT pixel scale. We did so on each NTT image and obtain the mean pixel scale for each NTT run. The averaged pixel scale of all runs is $143.66\pm0.15$ mas (only 0.1% relative uncertainty). With the pixel scale for each run, we could determine the positional difference (separation) between any two stars, for the 1st and 2nd epoch. The separations between non-moving background stars do not change with time. Using those non-moving background stars, we could then determine the proper motion of stars moving through the field. The precision of this method depends on the precision of Gaussian centering per star and on the number of the stars used. One can achieve ${\sim} 1/100$ of a pixel with Gaussian centering and special care (e.g. Pravdo & Shaklan 1996). In our study, we have achieved a precision of $\sim$1/10 of a pixel ($\sim$20 mas), good enough for measuring the proper motions of our relatively nearby target stars and their co-moving companions.

3 Astrometry

In our search of wide (sub)stellar companions we have to examine hundreds of faint objects close to the RV planet host stars. Most of those objects will prove to be ordinary background stars, randomly located close to, but far behind the target stars. On the other hand, bound companions share the proper motion of the host stars. This is so because the orbital motions of wide companions with separations $\geq$100 AU are small compared to their much higher common proper motions. An astrometric survey will find these co-moving companions with only 2 images taken with some epoch difference, depending on the astrometric accuracy and the proper motion of the primary stars. Hence astrometry is a very effective tool for companion searches.

In a first step in our study of HD 75289 we compared our first epoch NTT image with the 2MASS one. The proper motion of objects that are bright enough can be derived by comparing their position in the 2MASS and the NTT images. The 2MASS images are accurate enough for the detection of co-moving companions, as the proper motion of HD 75289 is large enough.

The proper motion of most stars, as derived from the 2MASS/NTT astrometry and the given epoch difference of 2.9 yr, were very small. Only one star had large proper motion, $\mu_{\alpha}=1\pm24$ mas and $\mu_{\delta}=-236\pm22$ mas per annum, consistent with the well known Hipparcos proper motion of HD 75289 ( $\mu_{\alpha}=-20.50\pm0.49$ mas/yr and $\mu_{\delta}=-227.68\pm0.44$ mas/yr). It is clear that this star is a co-moving companion of the RV planet host star. We therefore denote this star as HD 75289 B.

	Figure 1: H band images of HD 75289 (central bright star) from 2MASS (02/99) ( top) and our first epoch NTT/SofI image (01/02) ( bottom). The total integration time is 10 min. The co-moving companion is located 21.5 arcsec east of HD 75289 and is also visible in the 2MASS image (marked object). The stars R1 and R2 are used as comparison stars in Fig. 4.
Open with DEXTER

However, the 2MASS limit is approximately 2.5 mag brighter than the NTT limit, hence the motion of the faint companion candidates could be investigated only with a second epoch NTT observation (see 2MASS and SofI/NTT image in Fig. 1).

Figure 2: Result of the astrometry obtained by comparing two NTT images from epochs 01/02 and 12/02. The formal proper motions of all detected objects around HD 75289 A are shown in the diagram. All of them have negligible proper motions, similar in size to the astrometric uncertainty ($\sim$20 mas) hence they are very slowly moving background objects. Only HD 75289 B (bottom with error bars) shares the proper motion of HD 75289 A (square) which is well known from the Hipparcos astrometry. The proper motion of the bright primary star A is not measured in our NTT images because of saturation.

Open with DEXTER

Figure 3: Proper motion of HD 75289 B for all three epochs. We measure the distance between R1 and HD 75289 B ( top) and the position angle PA of HD 75289 B measured from R2. See Fig. 1 for the stars R1 and R2. Due to the motion of HD 75289 B relative to the reference stars both values are changing following the predicted curves (straight lines) for a co-moving companion to HD 752898 A. The astrometric uncertainty is illustrated with dotted lines.

Open with DEXTER

Due to the large number of stars in the NTT FOV (see Fig. 1) several non-moving background stars were detected and the proper motion could be determined with a precision of the order of $\sim$20 mas (see Fig. 2). Due to PSF saturation the proper motion of HD 75289 A couldn't be measured accurately in both NTT images, but could be calculated for the given epoch difference from Hipparcos data for the stellar parallax, yearly proper motion and equatorial coordinates (square in Fig. 2).

In addition we illustrate the proper motion of HD 75289 B over all three epochs with two reference stars R1 and R2 (see Figs. 1 and 3).

4 Photometry

Table 1 gives the apparent magnitude of HD 75289 A and B in ${\it JHK}_{\rm S}$ derived by 2MASS, together with our derivation of $H_{\rm Sofi}=11.224\pm0.040$. Our result is consistent with the 2MASS photometry. From the known spectral type of HD 75289 A and , hence, its expected intrinsic B-V color (B-V=0.58 from Kenyon & Hartmann 1995) and its published B-V color (from Hipparcos $B-V=0.578\pm0.003$ mag), we find that interstellar absorption is negligible, as expected for nearby stars. With J-K from 2MASS and color to temperature conversion from Kenyon & Hartmann (1995) we can derive a  $T_{\rm eff}$ of between 5800 and 6380 K ( $J-K = 0.355\pm0.029$) for the primary, which is consistent with its published spectral type G0V (Udry et al. 2000). We obtained 3210 to 3860 K ( $J-K = 0.907\pm0.047$) for the companion, hence a spectral type between M 0 and M 5. We used the 2MASS color transformations of Carpenter (2001) to convert $J-K_{\rm S}$ from 2MASS to J-K of Bessel & Brett which is similar to Johnson.

Table 1: Photometry for HD 75289 A and B. The 2MASS Point Source catalog yield apparent ${\it JHK}_{\rm S}$ magnitudes which are confirmed in H with our SofI/NTT images.

5 Spectroscopy

To confirm the spectral type of the companion we obtained IR spectra of HD 75289 A and B in June 2003 with SofI in spectroscopic mode. We used long slit spectroscopy with a slit width of one arcsec, and the red grism covering the wavelength range from 1.53 to 2.52 $\mu$m. The dispersion was 10.22 Å per pixel with an IR HgCdTe detector in the large field mode (288 mas pixel scale). The resolving power is $\lambda/\Delta \lambda \approx 588$.

Background subtraction was obtained by nodding between two positions along the slit, as well as by a small jitter around those two positions, to avoid individual pixels always seeing the same part of the sky. Eighteen individual spectra, each with an integration time of 30 s, were averaged, giving a total integration time of 9 min. All images were flat fielded with a standard dome flat and wavelength calibrated with a Xe lamp. We used standard IRAF routines for background subtraction, flat fielding and averaging all individual spectra.

The companion and the primary star were both located on the slit, and spectra of both objects were taken simultaneously. $T_{\rm eff}$ of HD 75289 A is well known, hence a black body function with the given $T_{\rm eff}$ (6030 K) can be used to determine the response function of the spectrograph, which is needed to obtain relative flux calibrated spectra of both objects. In Fig. 4 we show the relative flux calibrated spectra of HD 75289 A and B. The continuum of the companion is much flatter than the primary continuum, consistent with a cooler photosphere. From a black body fit of the continuum of HD 75289 B we determine its $T_{\rm eff}$ to be in the range between 3250 K and 3500 K, hence its spectral type is M 2 to M 5.

Figure 5 shows the normalized H and K band spectra of HD 75289 B. The most striking luminosity-sensitive feature in the H band is the second-overtone CO band head $[\nu,\nu{'}]$ at 6177 cm^-1, which is found in the spectra of K and M stars. The spectrum of HD 75289 B shows CO molecular lines which are fainter than Mg (5844 cm^-1), typical for red dwarfs and in agreement with the ${\it JHK}$ absolute magnitudes derived in Sect. 4. The hydrogen line at 5950 cm^-1, which can be found only in stars earlier than K3, is not visible in the companion spectrum and the Al feature at 5973 cm^-1 is as strong as the Mg line. Both comparisons serve as evidence for a spectral type cooler than M1V. The Si line at 6264 cm^-1 is not apparent and Si at 6292 cm^-1 is faint as are the the OH ( $\Delta\nu=2$) molecular features at 5920 cm^-1, typical for a spectral type M3V.

The strongest lines in the spectrum in K of the companion are from molecular bands of the first CO overtone extending from 4360 cm^-1 to the low frequency side of the spectrum. In addition, ¹³CO at 4260 cm^-1 and H Br $\gamma$ at 6297 cm^-1 are not apparent, all argue for a dwarf cooler than K2V. The CO bands are a bit stronger than the Ca/Fe (4415 cm^-1) as the Na (4530 cm^-1) atomic features and Ca/Fe is weaker than Na. The Al line at 6720 cm^-1 is faint but the Mg line at 4750 cm^-1 is missing, typical for spectral types cooler than M3V.

	Figure 4: Relative flux of HD 75289 A and B. The drop at 1.85 $\mu$m is due to strong water absorption as well as some telluric lines. From a black body fit, we derive a $T_{\rm eff}$ of the companion between 3250 K and 3500 K, in agreement with a spectral type M 2 to M 5.
Open with DEXTER

	Figure 5: Normalized H and K band spectra of HD 75289 B, compared with spectra of GJ 411 (M 2+V), GJ 725 (M3V) and Wolf 359 (M6V) from Meyer et al. (1997/98).
Open with DEXTER

The detected features in the spectrum of HD 75289 B in H and K, the black body fit of the continuum, and the ${\it JHK}$ colors of the companion, are all consistent with a spectral type of M2V to M5V, i.e. $T_{\rm eff}$ is in the range of 3240 to 3580 K.

	Figure 6: The color-magnitude diagram with the isochrone for 5 Gyr from Baraffe et al. (1998) with [M/H] = 0, mixing length parameter $\alpha =1$ and He abundance Y=0.25. The primary and its companion are included in the diagram with their uncertainties in magnitude and color. Masses are indicated as numbers in solar masses.
Open with DEXTER

6 Discussion

HD 75289 is a bright G0 dwarf (V=6.36 mag) located at a distance of $28.94\pm0.47$ pc (distance modulus $2.308\pm0.036$ mag). Its apparent ${\it JHK}$ colors are typical for a G0V star at the given distance. Thus, the super-giant classification given in Simbad is invalidated, as pointed out by Udry et al. (2000). The same group discovered an extrasolar planet with a minimum mass of 0.42 $M_{\rm Jup}$ which revolves around its parent star in a nearly circular orbit (e=0.054, a=0.046 AU).

HD 75289 B is clearly co-moving with HD 75289 A and the color-magnitude relation agrees with the assumption that both objects are at the same distance (Fig. 6). With Baraffe et al. (1998) models, the ${\it JHK}$ colors from Sect. 3 and the given distance modulus, we can derive the mass of HD 75289 B to be $0.135\pm0.003~M_{\odot}$, see Fig. 6. The system age is roughly 5 Gyr (Udry et al. 2000). Note that the age uncertainty of the primary does not play an important role in the derivation of the mass of HD 75289 B, because the IR magnitudes for such low-mass stellar objects decrease very slowly from 1 to 10 Gyr. The given uncertainty of the companion mass is derived form the magnitude errors only. Inaccuracies of the used theoretical model were not considered here.

With the derived companion mass ( $0.135~M_{\odot}$), the primary mass ( ${\sim}1~M_{\odot}$) and the companion separation 621 AU ( $21.465\pm0.023$ arcsec) we can compute the expected RV variation of the primary induced by the presence of the wide companion $v\sim150$ m/s with an orbital period of $\sim$15 000 years. Although this is a large effect, the maximal yearly variation of the RV is only $\sim$0.07 m/s, too small to be detected in the foreseeable future.

Figure 7: The limiting H magnitude versus separation from HD 75289 A for our NTT image shown in Fig. 1 and 2MASS. The corresponding projected separation in AU is shown on the upper x-axis. Saturation occurs within 1.5 arcsec (43 AU) (see vertical dashed line) hence a companion search is impossible there. The detection of all stellar companions is feasible beyond 4.7 arcsec (136 AU). The right y-scale shows the predicted absolute H magnitudes for substellar objects from Baraffe et al. (2003) models for an age of 5 Gyr. The 3$\sigma$ detection limit is 19 mag in H, hence substellar companions down to 0.050 $M_{\odot }$ can be found beyond 15 arcsec (434 AU).

Open with DEXTER

Figure 7 shows the NTT detection limit which is 19 mag in H and enables the detection of substellar companions down to M_H=16.7 mag around HD 75289 A ( $m\ge44~M_{\rm Jup}$ according to Baraffe et al. 2003). Objects at distances of up to 68 arcsec were observed twice but no further co-moving companion could be identified. Further stellar companions ( $m\ge75~M_{\rm Jup}$) can be ruled out for a projected separation from 136 AU up to 1968 AU.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the technical staff of the ESO NTT for all their help and assistance in carrying out the observations. Furthermore, we would like to thank M. Fernández, A. Seifahrt, A. Szameit and C. Broeg who have carried out some of the observations of this project. We made use of the 2MASS public data releases as well as the Simbad database operated at the Observatoire Strasbourg. This work was partly supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 233/03)

References

• Baraffe, I., Chabrier, G., & Allard, F. 1998, A&A, 337, 403 [NASA ADS] (In the text)
• Baraffe, I., Chabrier, G., & Barman, T. S. 2003, A&A, 402, 701 [EDP Sciences] [NASA ADS] (In the text)
• Carpenter, J. M. 2001, AJ, 121, 2851 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
• Eggenberger, A., Udry, S., & Mayor, M. 2004, A&A, 417, 353 [EDP Sciences] [NASA ADS] (In the text)
• Gonzales, G., & Laws, C. 2000, AJ, 119, 390 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
• Kenyon, S. J., & Hartmann, L. W. 1995, ApJS, 101, 117 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
• Meyer, M. R., Edwards, S., & Hinkle, K. H. 1998, ApJ, 508, 397 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
• Pravdo Steven, H., & Shaklan Stuart, B. 1996, ApJ, 465, 264 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
• Udry, S., Mayor, M., & Naef, D. 2000, A&A, 356, 590 [NASA ADS] (In the text)
• Wallace, L., & Hinkle, K. 1997, ApJS, 111, 445 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
• Wilson, J. C., Kirkpatrick, J. D., & Gizis, J. E. 2001, AJ, 122, 1989 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
• Zucker, S., & Mazeh, T. 2002, ApJ, 568, 113 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)