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Figure 1: Optimized structures of transition states for the synchronous hydrogen-exchange reaction in methanol (H-H exchange TS) and in protonated methanol (H-H exchange TSH+) obtained with the B3LYP method. Bond distances are in Å and bond angles are in degrees. The relative transition state energies with the CCSD(T) method are +148.6 kcal mol-1 for TS and +148.9 kcal mol-1 for TSH+. |
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Figure 2: The upper panels show the optimized structures of methanol, its hydrogen-shift transition state, and the isomer CH2OH2, while the lower panels show the structures of the methanol ion, its hydrogen-shift transition state, and the isomer CH2OH2+. Bond distances are in Å and bond angles are in degrees. The numbers outside of and in parentheses are the relative energies in kcal mol-1 obtained with the CCSD(T) and B3LYP methods. |
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Figure 3: Transition state structures for studied reactions calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) level, except for TS1, which is calculated at the HF/6-311G(d, p) level. Bond distances are in Å and bond angles are in degrees. |
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Figure 4: Potential energy surfaces of the reactions between CH3OH and H atoms calculated with the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ method. The energy of TS1 (dashed line) is calculated with CCSD(T) method at the geometry obtained with the HF/6-311G(d, p) method. The values in parentheses are the relative energies obtained with the B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) method. |
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Figure 5: Potential energy surfaces of the reaction between CH3OH2+ and H atoms calculated with the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ method. The values in parentheses are the relative energies obtained with the B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) method. |
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Figure 6: Potential energy surfaces of CH3OH2+ ( upper curve) and its neutralized species ( lower curve) calculated by using the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ method at the optimized geometries obtained with the B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) method. The relative energies are shown in kcal mol-1. The values in parentheses are the calculated relative energies with the B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) method. Bond distances are in Å and bond angles are in degrees. |
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Figure 7:
Fractionation ratios of deuterated methanols to normal methanol
plotted vs.
time for a protostellar source. Lines in black are for the observed species. T=50 K,
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Figure 8:
As in Fig. 7, except that T=100 K, and
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Figure 9: As in Fig. 8, but using initial abundances from Table 5. |
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