A&A 412, 657-667 (2003)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20031438
P. Salomé - F. Combes
Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, 61 Av. de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
Received 23 April 2002 / Accepted 9 August 2003
Abstract
The results of a CO line
survey in central cluster galaxies with cooling flows are
presented. Cold molecular gas is detected with the IRAM 30 m telescope,
through CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) emission lines in 6-10 among 32
galaxies. The corresponding gas masses are between
and
.
These results are in agreement with recent CO
detections by 2001. A strong correlation between the CO
emission and the H
luminosity is also confirmed. Cold gas
exists in the center of cooling flow clusters and these detections may
be interpreted as evidence of the long searched for very cold residual
of the hot cooling gas.
Key words: galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: cooling flows - galaxies: ISM
Studies of X-ray emission of hot intra-cluster medium (ICM) have pointed out the
high density of this gas in the central regions of many clusters. The
derived timescales for radiative cooling in the center is much smaller
than the Hubble time, and the ICM is predicted to condense and flow
towards the cluster center (see Fabian 1994 for a review). The X-ray
spectra show evidence of cooler gas in the center, through central
drops of temperature. But the fate of the cooled gas still remains
uncertain. The duration of the cooling flows is thought to be a
significant fraction of the cluster life-time, since cooling flows are
quite frequent in clusters. Estimated cooling rates of the order of
100 /yr and up to 1000
/yr implied that enormous
quantities of material should have accumulated (1011 to 1012
in a fraction of a Hubble time). But no resulting cold gas
has been detected in molecular form until recently. Many efforts have
been expended to detect this gas in emission or absorption, either in
HI (Burns et al. 1981; Valentijn & Giovanelli 1982; Shostak et al. 1983; McNamara et al. 1990; Dwarakanath et al. 1995) or in the CO molecule, see Grabelsky & Ulmer (1990); McNamara et al. (1994);
Antonucciet al. (1994); Braine & Dupraz (1994); O'Dea et al. (1994). The intracluster medium is
enriched in heavy elements with a metallicity of up to 0.3 solar
making possible the formation of CO molecules. The first detection of
CO emission has been made in Perseus A by Lazareff et al. (1989), but the
corresponding H2 is not strongly identified as coming from the
cooling flow rather than from the galaxy itself. Recently,
Edge (2001) reported to have found CO line emission in the central
galaxy of sixteen extreme cooling flow clusters. Starbursts that may
appear as a consequence of the gas condensation must produce a lot of
young and hot stars. But the observed stellar luminosities are not
bright enough to account for the high mass deposition rates of cooling
flows. Although Chandra and XMM-Newton observations lead to reduced
rates, the cold molecular gas masses observed in some cluster cores
remain a small fraction of the gas cooled along the flow. The ICM is
probably multi-phase (e.g. Ferland et al. 1994). A significant fraction of
gas might be so cold (Pfenniger & Combes 1994) that it could correspond to the
high concentration of dark matter in clusters deduced from X-ray data
and gravitational arcs (Durret et al. 1994; Wu & Hammer 1993). Recently
Lieu et al. (1996, 1999) and Mittaz et al. (1998) have detected large
quantities of gas at intermediate temperature of
in 5 clusters with the EUVE satellite (Extreme Ultraviolet
Explorer). Since this phase is quite transient, the mass flow implied
would be much larger than that of the cooling flow itself. Other
processes must be at work, such as heating by shocks, or mixing layer
mechanisms at the interface between a cold and hot phase
(Bonamente et al. 2001). Also the detection of the near-infrared quadrupolar
emission line H2(1-0)S(1) in central cluster galaxies with cooling
flows (and their non-detection in similar control galaxies without
cooling flows, e.g. Falcke et al. 1998) support the presence of molecular
gas at temperature of 2000 K (Jaffe & Bremer 1997; Edge et al. 2002;
Wilman et al. 2002).
In this paper, we present our search for CO lines in 32 galaxies in the center of clusters, carried out in June and August 2001 with the IRAM 30 m telescope. We have found 6 clear detections and 4 hints of CO lines. In the next section we describe the instrumental conditions of our observations and the data reduction. We then present results and cold gas mass evaluations in Sect. 3. In Sects. 4 and 5 we discuss the possible significations of such large gas quantities when they are present and compare these measurements with other wavelength observations.
Table 1: This table presents the sample of cooling flow clusters of galaxies observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope. Central frequencies of the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) lines observed, as the exposure time are indicated for each galaxy. Sources observed in the second run (August) are with indicated by a star. The others were observed during the first run (July). Several sources were not observed in CO(2-1) since the redshifted J=2-1 transition lines were out of the 30 m telescope receiver's band.
Table 2:
Summary of
observational data for the two runs. Lines characteristics are
presented, spectra are shown in Fig. 8.
(Col. 8)
were evaluated from a Gaussian fit of the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) lines
for detections and hints of detections.
upper limits were
evaluated by equation 2 for non-detections. A detection is
asserted in one transition line when the peak of the Gaussian fit is
above three times the rms (in 55 km s-1 channels) and a hint of
detection when it is between two and three times the rms. To claim a
cold molecular gas detection, we require a detection in both
transition lines. A possible detection was claimed when was present a
detection in one transition line or a hint of detection in both lines,
unless the line appear clearly in one transition only (Abell 262,
Abell 1068, Zw8193).
Table 3: Summary of observational data for the two runs. Lines characteristics (Table 2 continuation).
The sample of sources was selected according to
several criteria. First, we wanted to observe galaxies with important
cooling flows, so we chose high deposition rates galaxies with
around or greater than 100
/yr, see Peres et al. (1998),
White et al. (1997), though these rates are certainly overestimated. Three
non-cooling flow clusters (Abell 1668, Abell 1704 and Abell 2256) have
also been observed and not detected in CO with the 30 m telescope. It
is possible that the large gas flow produces massive stars ionizing
the gas. The gas might also be cooling in ionizing shocks
(optically luminous). Thus, the presence of large amounts of cooled
gas could be accompanied by H
emission as suggested
in Edge (2001). Sources were then selected according to
their H
luminosity when available (high luminosity of
about 1042 erg s-1 from
Crawford et al. 1999; Owen et al. 1995). The
sample contains only relatively low-redshift cD galaxies (z < 0.25),
for the sake of sensitivity. We gather data at other wavelengths, such
as the far infra-red, when available, to be able to compare gas and
dust emission. All observing parameters are summarized in
Table 1. Observations were achieved with the IRAM
30 m millimeter-wave telescope at Pico Veleta, Spain in June and
August 2001 in good weather conditions. We used four
receivers simultaneously, centered two on the CO(1-0) and two on the
CO(2-1) lines at 115 GHz and 230 GHz. The beam of the telescope at
these two frequencies is 22'' and 13'' respectively. Two backends were
provided by the autocorrelator, with a 1.25 MHz resolution on a 600 MHz
band width. The two other backends were the two 512 MHz wide
1 MHz filter-banks. These yield a total band of
1300 km s-1 at
2.6 mm and
650 km s-1 at 1.3 mm. In addition, we used the 4 MHz
resolution filter-bank, providing a 1 GHz band width, important for
the 1.3 mm receivers (since it corresponds to 1300 km s-1 bandwidth
also). Given the uncertainty in the central velocity of the CO line
(some optically measured velocities being systematically displaced
with respect to the galaxy systemic velocity), the expected width of a
cD galaxy, and the required baseline to eliminate sinusoidal
fluctuations, this wide band is necessary. The signals are expressed
in main beam temperatures, since the sources are not expected to be
extended and homogeneous. The main-beam efficiency of the 30 m is:
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(1) |
CO intensities always correspond to areas
deduced from Gaussian fits for detections and possible detections when
a Gaussian fit was possible, but for the 22 no-detections, the
are evaluated with formula (2). Table 4 show gas
mass estimates as well as X-ray, optical, IR and radio data when
available.
Since cold H2 is a symmetric molecule, the best
tracer of cold molecular gas is the CO lines, from the most abundant
molecule after H2: CO/H
.
From standard (and
empirical) calibrations, it is possible to deduce the interstellar
H2 content from the integrated CO intensity
(K km s-1):
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(3) |
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(4) |
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(5) |
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Figure 1:
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Abell 262 has also been detected by Edge (2001). Current values are compatible with these measurements and confirm this detection even if CO(2-1) data were not good enough in the second run of August 2001 to detect a line. This galaxy contains a central radio source according to Peres et al. (1998) and show low luminosity optical lines, see Crawford et al. (1999).
PKS 0745-191 is
a 0.1028 redshifted galaxy already observed in CO by Edge (2001). In
present observations, a CO(1-0) line is detected three times above the
rms. A simultaneous detection in the CO(2-1) band with a signal to
noise better then five seems to confirm the presence of molecular
gas. This galaxy is supposed to contain a large cooling flow with
mass deposition rates around 1000 /yr according to
Peres et al. (1998), Allen (2000). Strong optical emission lines have also
been detected in PKS 0745-191. This galaxy is the site of an important
excitation mechanism. Besides it is a powerful radio source with an
amorphous and filamentary morphology, see Baum & O'Dea (1991). Recently,
Donahue et al. (2000) have mapped kpc-size filaments in vibrationally-excited
H2 in the cores of galaxies centers of cooling flows, like PKS
0745-191, with high spatial resolution. They have also found dust
lanes which are optically thick to 1.6
m emission. These dust
lanes are confined to the central few kpcs.
The cD galaxy RX J0821+07 has been detected in CO by Edge (2001). This relatively easy detection is confirmed here in both wavelength and CO intensities are compatible with previous ones. Optical images taken with the AAT and Hubble Space Telescope by Bayer-Kim et al. (2002) show that the central galaxy is embedded in a luminous and extended line-emitting nebula coincident with a bright excess of X-ray emission imaged by Chandra.
Abell 1068 detected by Edge (2001) is confirmed
here. The H2 mass deduced is the highest we found among
detections. This galaxy show strong optical lines and large dust mass
in comparison with other detections. It is also a powerful IRAS source
with a 650 m Jy flux at 60 m.
Abell 1795 has been observed by Braine & Dupraz (1994) who did not detect CO line.
Edge (2001) found a marginal detection. This detection is confirmed here in the
two bands. But line widths deduced from Gaussian fits are quite
different in the two wavelengths, so we cannot exclude the possibility
of very high velocity molecular clouds. This galaxy is known as a
radio source see David et al. (1993). An optical filament has been detected
in H
by Cowie et al. (1983). According to them, some of the
filaments observed in Abell 1795 seem to be concentrated and coming
from the galaxy whereas fainter extended filaments are surrounding the
galaxy. The question about their origin and their link with the
cooling flows is not clearly determined. Mapping cold gas will allow
to better understand the spatial structure of the cooling material and
to know if the CO is along the filaments or in the galaxy, Salomé &
Combes (2003, in prep).
Zwicky 8193 is a strong optical line emitter. Only CO(1-0) was observed here. The molecular gas mass deduced agree with the value derived in Edge (2001). Zwicky 8193 is a complex system and we refer to Edge (2001) and Edge et al. (2002) for the discussion.
We consider 4 galaxies of our sample to be possible CO emitters according to criteria defined above. Nevertheless CO emission lines here are fainter than the previous ones, with values reaching half a K km s-1.
Abell 496 is a cD galaxy. A possible line is seen in the two bands, but
signal to noise ratio between 2 and 3 is not sufficient to claim a
detection. Much time has been dedicated to this radio source, see for
example Peres et al. (1998), to deduce a small upper limit of H2 mass.
Faint optical H
line have been observed in this galaxy
also emitting in X-ray, see David et al. (1993). Nevertheless we deduce here
a new upper limit in molecular gas mass.
We also assert a possible detection in Abell 646, even if no CO(2-1) line is seen, because of the clear shape of the CO(1-0) line detected just above three time the rms. Moreover, Edge (2001) asserted to have a marginal detection of this galaxy. So it would be interesting to confirm this detection.
Abell 780 (Hydra A) is a very powerful radio
source that had already been observed through millimetric wavelength,
see for example O'Dea et al. (1994b). This much studied source is here at the
limit of detection in CO(1-0) and not seen in CO(2-1).
upper
limit deduced is in agreement with the evaluation made by
Edge (2001), but no clear detection can be claimed.
The cD Abell 2657 galaxy with optical emission lines was not
detected in CO(2-1). Faint possible CO(1-0) line is present and a new
upper limit in
is derived, but more observations are
required.
Many of the selected galaxies are not detected. It is possible, these cooling flow clusters of galaxies contains cold gas with lines still too weak to be detectable with the actual IRAM 30 m telescope sensitivity.
Table 4:
Derived parameters of the
observed sources. Optical line luminosities are from
Crawford et al. (1999). Mass deposition rates and cooling radius are from (1)
Peres et al. (1998) and (2) White et al. (1997). Dust masses are
evaluated from 60 m data compiled in Edge (2001), assuming
K.
Recent X-ray observations by Chandra, see Fabian (2002), Voigt et al. (2002) and XMM-Newton (Peterson et al. 2001; Tamura et al. 2001) have confirmed the presence of radial gradients in temperature in the cores of several clusters of galaxies. Even if results from the high spectral resolution Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) on XMM-Newton do not show evidence (from Fe XVII) for gas cooling at temperature lower than 1-2 kev, millimetric emission of a cold gas component is detected in the center of several galaxy clusters. Added to recent data from Edge (2001), new detections of molecular gas in cooling flow galaxies is of great interest. But questions persist on the origin of this cold phase and its place in a gas infall scenario.
In an optically thick medium which is the case
here, the CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) ratio should be about or less than one, if
we assume the same excitation temperature for the two CO energy
levels. In Fig. 2 is plotted the CO(2-1) versus CO(1-0)
intensity (in K km s-1) for the galaxies observed here. The
straight line indicates their equality. CO(2-1) intensities have been
multiplied by a beam correcting factor 4 and by the relative
beam efficiencies (0.52/0.91)/(0.75/0.95) = 0.72 to be compared to the
CO(1-0) ones. The preliminary plot indicates that the CO(2-1) line is
in fact lower than the CO(1-0) one; this is in general the case for
sub-thermally excited gas, in nearby galaxies (e.g. Braine & Combes 1992). The
CO lines ratio are consistent with an optically thick gas. The medium
considered here is certainly far more complex, probably inhomogeneous
and multi-phase. It might be a mixing of diffuse gas and denser
clumps, and the diffuse medium might be dominating the emission, while
thick and small clouds could enclose a larger quantity of hydrogen
mass than
estimated.
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Figure 2: CO(2-1) versus CO(1-0) corrected from the effect of different beam sizes. The straight line corresponds to line emission equality. |
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If the molecular gas is formed by the cooling flow, we should
see a correlation between the detected cold gas masses and the
X-ray determined mass deposition rate, as shown by Edge (2001). But
there is a quite large dispersion in the
values because of
the different methods used in the literature, see
Grabelsky & Ulmer (1990), Bregman et al. (1990), White et al. (1997), Peres et al. (1998) or
Allen (2000). To test this, we have compared cold gas masses found
here with mass deposition rates evaluated thanks to an Einstein
Observatory X-ray image deprojection analysis made by White et al. (1997),
see Fig. 3. The comparison is also done with
issue from a ROSAT observatory spatial analysis by Peres et al. (1998) as
shown in Fig. 4. These two samples of mass deposition
rates, evaluated from X-ray data, have been chosen because they
contain the largest number of sources in common with the clusters
observed here in CO. For a correlation trend to be relevant, the aim
was (i) to have a high number of sources observed in both CO and
X-ray, with regards to the faint detection level in CO and (ii) to
compare M(H2) with
derived from one method only (with the
same criteria for all sources). We can see a trend of correlation do
appear, even if there are very few data points. This confirms the
relation between the mass of the cold component and the mass
deposition rate already noticed in Edge (2001).
Galaxies for which
measurements have been possible lie close to
Gyr (large symbols). Then, assuming
that simple models of a multiphase flow would lead to an integrated
mass deposition profile of the
form
(<r)
,
with
.
We
have re-evaluated what would be the
inside the 30 m
telescope radius with a simple scaling by the cooling radius to the CO
radius ratio. The correlation still appear but the cold gas masses
detected are now close to
Gyr
(small symbols with gray background). These mass deposition rates
have probably been overestimated by about a factor 5-10, see
McNamara et al. (2002), as suggested by the recent X-ray observations by Chandra
and XMM-Newton (e.g. Abell 1795 in Fabian 2002; Abell 2199
in Johnstone et al. 2002 or Abell 496 in Dupke & White 2003). Taking into account
the uncertainty on the conversion factor between H2 and CO,
as discussed above, the correlation is in accordance with a
cooling scenario in which hot gas lead to cold substructures at rate
deduced by X-ray observations and detected here in CO (for an assumed
age of the cooling is a few Gyr in the central
regions).
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Figure 3:
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Figure 4:
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But many galaxies in cooling flow clusters observed here do not show CO emission lines. Given the faint emission temperature, it is possible that the cold gas is present but its radiation is below the detection limit. An alternative is the gas is not cooled identically in all clusters of galaxies centers, depending on the environment of the cooling flow (existence or not of an AGN for example).
Many studies developed recently are taking into account
heating mechanisms in cooling flows that could slow down the cooling
and eventually stop it, which might explain the lack of CO emission
in some of the galaxies observed here. Important absorption could
also hide the gas lying in a colder X-ray phase. Physical conditions
in the central regions are certainly very complex, and simple cooling
appears to be insufficient to explain multi-wavelength
observations. Chandra images from Fabian et al. (2002) or Johnstone et al. (2002) have
pointed out holes coincident with radio lobes and cold fronts showing
the interaction between the radio source and the intra-cluster medium
(e.g. in Hydra A, the Perseus cluster, Abell 1795, Abell 2199, the
Virgo cluster). It seems that the radio source and jets could heat the
gas with shocks and significantly decrease the cooling rates
(David et al. 2001; Brüggen et al. 2002). Besides, 71% of central cD galaxy in
cooling flow clusters show a strong radio activity compared to 23%
for non-cooling flow cluster cDs (Ball et al. 1993). No correlation has
been found here between molecular gas masses and radio power at 1.4 GHz
(see Fig. 5). Nevertheless, it seems that for faint
radio sources, the power at 1.4 GHz increases with the cold molecular
gas mass detected, and for stronger radio sources,
decreases when the radio power increases. This is consistent with
a self-regulated heating model powered by a central AGN (as suggested
by Böhringer et al. 2001). But heating the ICM is certainly due to the radio
lobes expansion whose energy is not only linked to the radio
power.
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Figure 5:
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The molecular hydrogen mass appears to be correlated with the amount of
ionized gas (see Fig. 6). Excitation processes leading
to the gas emission could be the same for the two
phases. The H
emission could come from shocked cooling
gas. The gas may also have been ionized from massive stars born in a
starburst triggered by the cooling flow. The best linear fit between
the two components is plotted including previous detections of
Edge (2001), (Fig. 6). Heating by a young star
population is often suggested (see Johnstone et al. 2002). In that sense,
gradients of metallicity deduced from Chandra observations could be
explained by SN Ia injection of metal in the central galaxy (with the
condition of some exchange of the gas at different radius, and so a
possible mixing of different phases of the gas if they are
present). The cold gas detected here might be a reservoir available
for such a star
formation process.
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Figure 6:
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The intracluster gas
should be depleted in dust, at a given metallicity, since in the ICM
environment and its physical conditions, the sputtering time of dust
is much shorter than the dynamical time. The gas coming from a cooling
flow, already at low metallicity, is thought to have a large relative
depletion in dust. Therefore, the expected ratio between the CO
measured gas content and the dust content from its submillimeter or
far-infrared emission is large. Dust masses, derived from IRAS are
evaluated for two assumed dust temperatures
and 40 K.
Theses masses are compared to cold gas masses in Fig. 7.
It is important to notice how much dust mass highly
depends on dust temperature. The gas-to-dust ratio for both dust
temperature are high, but below
.
However, only IRAS
data have been used here, tracing the warm dust. Significant amount of
cold dust might be present as suggested by JCMT SCUBA detections in
Abell 1835, Abell 2390 (Edge et al. 1999). More longer wavelength
observations at 850
m tracing this cool dust would be of great
interest. Nevertheless the mass to dust ratio found here are not
incompatible with a cooling flow origin of the molecular gas. Besides,
there is a trend of correlation between cold gas masses and dust
masses, but with a large dispersion. Infrared emission might be tied
to star formation. In that sense, Fig. 7 could also be
interpreted as a possible correlation between gas content and star
formation, probably very active, as we have seen
previously.
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Figure 7:
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Some of our sample galaxies have strong molecular
hydrogen emission in the 2 m 1-0 S(1) line,
(Elston & Maloney 1992, 1994). This excited gas is thought to be associated to
the cooling flow, since it is not detected in non-cooling flow
galaxies of similar-type (Jaffe & Bremer 1997). They reveal dusty nebular
filaments, very similar to those detected in early type galaxies in
small groups e.g. Goudfrooij & Trinchieri (1998), and in interacting gas-rich
galaxies. The filaments are extended over kiloparsecs, and their
heating source is not known.
Recently, Donahue et al. (2000) have mapped the
kpc-size filaments in vibrationally-excited H2 in the cores of
galaxies centers of Abell 2597 and PKS 0745-191 with high spatial
resolution. They have also found dust lanes which are optically thick
to 1.6 m emission, confined to the central few kpcs. Excited H2produced directly by the cooling flow seems difficult, since H2 is
much too luminous, by at least 2 orders of magnitude. It cannot be AGN
photoionization or fast shocks because the H
/H2 ratios are
too low. Extremely slow shocks (<40 km s-1) produce
significantly higher H2/H
ratios than do fast shocks, and
are more consistent with the observations. But slow shocks are less
efficient. The most likely solution is UV irradiation by very hot
stars, implied by a star formation rate of only a few solar masses per
year. A recent survey of H-band and K-band spectra in 32 central
cluster galaxies have led to 23 detections in rovibrationnal H2lines, see Edge et al. (2002), and UV fluorescence excitation is ruled
out. The molecular hydrogen is more probably thermally excited in
dense gas with density exceeding 105 cm-3 at temperature
evaluated between 1000-2500 K. Young stars heating a population of
dense clouds is invoked (Wilman et al. 2002). According to the authors,
these dense regions might be self gravitating clouds deposited
directly by the cooling flow or confined in high pressure behind
strong shocks. Correlation are also shown between H
emission
lines, warm H2 rovibrationnal lines and cold millimetric emission
lines suggesting related exciting mechanisms of these different phases
of the gas. The large masses of excited H2, around
10
could suggest that the cold molecular gas mass
could have been underestimated (because of a lower metallicity for
example) or is hidden in optically thick dense clouds, see
Ferland et al. (2002) for a discussion of the physical conditions within dense
cold clouds in cooling flows.
How much gas is deposited
in cooling flows is still an open question. The gas cooling in the
flow is probably multi-phase, and there are hints the CO detected here
is the residual of the cooled gas. But this cold gas emission could
also be due to subcluster structures, gas stripped from
neighbouring galaxies or galactic clouds not seen until now and heated
by mechanisms linked to the flow, like shocks or
starburst. More investigations are required to explore the properties
of this important component in cooling flow cluster cores. The study
of the morphological structure of the cold gas and especially its
dynamics will help to confirm its place in the flow. High resolution
maps, obtained thanks to the IRAM millimeter interferometer, have
been obtained for Abell 1795 in CO(1-0) and CO(2-1). These maps show
an extended emission of the cold gas (Salomé & Combes, in
prep). They underline the possible link between the cold gas detected
with the 30 m telescope and the cooling gas seen at higher
energy. Recent OVRO observations by Edge & Frayer (2003) also show CO(1-0)
emission maps in 5 cooling flow clusters of galaxies: A1068,
RX J0821+07, Zw3146, A1835 and RX J0338+09. The authors conclude the gas
previously detected with the single dish telescope is confined in the
central region. More Plateau de Bure interferometric observations with
higher sensitivity and spatial resolution are in progress now in
RX J0821+07 to see whether the cold gas is extended (as for Abell 1795)
or centrally concentrated around the cD (as suggest the
OVRO observations). Interferometric observations on a wider sample of
CO detected cooling flow have now to be lead in order to explore
the similarities and differences between clusters and definitively
confirm the detection of the cold residual in cooling
flows.
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Figure 8: CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) emission lines observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope. On the Y-axis, main beam temperature (in mK) versus velocity (in km s-1) on the X-axis. |
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A sample of 32 cooling flow clusters of
galaxies, selected on their mass deposition rate, and their Hluminosity, have been observed in both CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) emission
lines. In total 6 clear detections are claimed, with 4 other possible
detections. Molecular hydrogen mass estimates have been deduced for
these galaxies and upper limits have been computed for the other ones.
The derived M(H2) are up to 1010
in the 22 central
arcsec observed with the 30 m telescope (that is typically the
central
23 kpc region at z=0.05). These masses appear to be
related to the cooling rate deduced from X-ray data: there is a trend
of correlation with
results, and no longer large
discrepancies between the mass deposition rates and the cold gas
masses (according to recent mass deposition rates reevaluation from
Chandra and XMM-Newton). The apparent gas-to-dust ratio, derived from
the CO emission and dust far-infrared emission is larger for the gas
in cooling flow galaxies than in normal spirals, but uncertainties
about the dust temperature precludes any clear conclusions. The best
correlation is between the cold gas masses and the H
luminosities, which confirms the result of Edge (2001). Further work
is to be done now to confirm that CO lines, revealed by single dish
millimetric observations, are tracers of the long searched cold phase
in cooling flows. In this context, more interferometric observations
in CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) are required.
Acknowledgements
It is a pleasure to thank the IRAM-30 m staff for their support during observations and data reduction, especially with the new 4 MHz filter-bank. We also thank A. Edge for his constructive refereing.