... gas

In general the heating, in particular the heating by the ions, has also a dependency on the relative motion of the grains in comparison to the motion of the gas, which is neglected for simplicity.

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... solids

The stopping power is due to ionisation losses in case of electrons. In case of the ions at energies considered here the stopping power is partly due to interaction with the electrons and partly due to inelastic scattering with the nucleons of the target material.

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