The production of ultra-high energy CRs in Galactic X-ray binaries has been discussed in the past in the context of Cyg X-3 (Lloyd-Evans et al. 1983; Manchanda et al. 1993; Mitra 1994), though recent studies have not confirmed the presence of ultra-high energy gamma rays (Borione et al. 1997). This scenario is shown as a cartoon in Fig. 1. The production of CRs in microquasars has so far only received minor attention in the literature (for example, it was mentioned as an alternative source to produce all CRs by Dar & De Rújula 2001), and requires further study.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Note that powerlaw indices from cosmic ray modified shocks tend to be steeper at least near the low energy cutoff (e.g., Berezhko & Ellison 1999; Ellison & Double 2002).

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.