A&A 381, L73-L76 (2002)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011697
N. Kanekar - J. N. Chengalur
National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Post Bag 3, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
Received 8 November 2001 / Accepted 28 November 2001
Abstract
We present Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observations of OH absorption
in B3 1504+377 (
)
and PKS 1413+135 (
). OH has
now been detected in absorption towards four intermediate redshift
systems, viz. the lensing galaxies towards B 0218+357 (
;
Kanekar
et al. 2001) and 1830-211 (
;
Chengalur et al. 1999), in addition
to the two systems listed above. All four systems also give rise to well
studied millimetre wavelength molecular line absorption from a host of
molecules, including HCO+. Comparing our OH data with these millimetre line
transitions, we find that the linear correlation between
and
found
in molecular clouds in the Milky Way (Liszt & Lucas 1996) persists out to
.
It has been suggested (Liszt & Lucas 1999) that OH is a good
tracer of
,
with
under a
variety of physical conditions. We use this relationship to estimate
in these absorbers. The estimated
is
1022
in all four cases and substantially different from estimates based on CO
observations.
Key words: galaxies: evolution: - galaxies: formation: - galaxies: ISM - cosmology: observations - radio lines: galaxies
Molecular hydrogen ()
is the primary constituent of the molecular
component of the interstellar medium and plays a crucial role in
determining the evolution of the ISM as well as the star formation rate in
galaxies. For example, in the Milky Way,
,
comparable to the mass of the atomic component. Since it is difficult
to directly detect
,
its column density,
,
is usually
inferred from observations of other species; these are referred to as tracers
of
(see e.g. Combes 1999 for a review). The most commonly used
tracer of
is
,
which is the second most abundant molecule
in the ISM. Unfortunately, despite the widespread use of CO as a tracer of
,
deducing
from CO observations remains a fairly tricky exercise (see e.g.
Liszt & Lucas 1998, for a discussion).
The OH column density is known to correlate with the visual extinction
AV and, hence, with the total hydrogen column density,
(Crutcher 1979). Lucas & Liszt (1996) and Liszt & Lucas (1998, 1999)
examined the variation of OH and other species (including
,
HCN, HNC and
)
with HCO+ and found that most molecules (except OH)
showed a non-linear dependence on
,
with a rapid increase in
their abundances at
cm-2. However,
and
were
found to have a linear relationship extending over more than two orders of
magnitude in
(Liszt & Lucas 1996), with
There are presently four known molecular absorption line systems at intermediate
redshifts (
-0.9) with detected HCO+ (Wiklind & Combes 1995, 1996a,
1996b, 1997). Until recently, OH absorption had been detected in only one of these
objects, the
absorber
towards PKS 1830-211 (Chengalur et al. 1999). We have now carried out a deep search for
redshifted OH absorption in the remaining three
absorbers with the GMRT, resulting in detections of absorption in all cases. In this
letter, we describe our GMRT observations of two of these absorbers, viz.
PKS 1413+135 (
z = 0.2467) and B3 1504+377 (
z = 0.6734); the OH obervations
of B 0218+357 are discussed in Kanekar et al. (2001). We also compare the
OH column densities obtained in the four absorbers with their HCO+ column
densities and find that the linear relationship between OH and HCO+ found in
the Milky Way persists out to moderate redshifts. Finally, we use the conversion
factor suggested by Liszt & Lucas (1999) to estimate
in all these
absorbers. Throughout this paper, we use H0 = 75 km s-1 Mpc-1 and
q0 = 0.5.
The GMRT observations of PKS 1413+135 and B3 1504+377 were carried out in
June and October 2001, using the standard 30-station FX correlator. This provides
a fixed number of 128 spectral channels over a bandwidth which can be varied between
64 kHz and 16 MHz. We used a 4 MHz bandwidth for B3 1504+377, thus including both
the 1665 and 1667 MHz OH transitions in the same band and yielding a resolution
is 9.4 km s-1. However, in the case of PKS 1413+135, the HCO+ and other
millimetre lines have very narrow widths. We hence used a bandwidth of 1 MHz and only
observed
the 1667 MHz transition (the stronger of the two lines, in thermal equilibrium),
with a resolution of
1.75 km s-1. The standard amplitude calibrators 3C 48,
3C 286 and 3C 295 were used for both absolute flux and system bandpass calibration
in both cases. No phase calibration was necessary as both PKS 1413+135 and
B3 1504+377 are unresolved on even the longest baselines of the GMRT. Only
thirteen and seventeen antennas were used for the final spectra of B3 1504+377
and PKS 1413+135, respectively, due to various maintenance activities and debugging;
the total on-source times were 6 hours and 5.5 hours respectively.
The data were analysed in AIPS using standard procedures. Continuum
emission was subtracted using the AIPS task UVLIN; spectra were then extracted
in both cases by simply averaging the source visibilities together, using the AIPS
task POSSM, since, as mentioned above, both sources are phase calibrators for the
GMRT. Finally, the fluxes of B3 1504+377 and PKS 1413+135 were measured to be 1.2 Jy
and 1.6 Jy respectively; our experience with the GMRT indicates that the flux
calibration is reliable to 15%, in this observing mode.
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Figure 1:
a) 9.4 km s-1 resolution OH spectrum towards B3 1504+377. The spectrum
includes the 1665 & 1667 OH lines.
b) 3.5 km s-1 resolution spectrum of 1667 OH line towards PKS 1413+135.
c)
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Open with DEXTER |
The final GMRT 4 MHz spectrum towards B3 1504+377 is shown in Fig. 1a.
No smoothing has been applied; the RMS noise is 1.3 mJy per 9.4 km s-1 channel. Two
absorption lines can be clearly seen in the spectrum, centred at heliocentric
frequencies of 995.208 MHz and 996.365 MHz. These correspond to the 1665.403 MHz
and 1667.359 MHz transitions of OH, with redshifts
and
.
Note that the redshifts of the
lines agree, within our error bars; we will use
z = 0.67343, the average of
the redshifts of the two lines, as the redshift of the OH absorption (but see
also the discussion below). The peak line depths are 9.1 mJy and 10.0 mJy,
implying peak optical depths of
0.76% and 0.83% for the 1665
and 1667 MHz transitions respectively.
The final GMRT 1 MHz spectrum towards PKS 1413+135 is shown in Fig. 1b.
The spectrum has been Hanning smoothed and has an rms noise of 1.3 mJy per
3.5 km s-1 channel. Absorption can again be clearly seen, with a peak line flux of
7.9 mJy at a heliocentric frequency of 1337.404 MHz. This can be identified with the
1667.359 MHz OH line, with a redshift
.
The peak
optical depth is 0.49%.
Source |
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AV |
(Obs.) | (OH) | (CO) | |||||
1015 cm-2 | 1013 cm-2 | 1013 cm-2 | 1022 cm-2 | 1022 cm-2 | |||
PKS 1413+135 | 0.24671 | 1.16 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 1.16 | 0.04 | 17.8 |
B3 1504+377 | 0.67343 | 2.3 | 6.9 | 9.4 | 2.3 | 0.12 | 27.1 |
B 0218+357 | 0.68468 | 2.65 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 2.65 | 40.0 | 28.9 |
PKS 1830-211 | 0.88582 | 11.38 | 34.2 | 40 | 11.38 | 4.0 | 123.2 |
![]() ![]() and Menten et al. (1999). ![]() ![]() ![]() |
For an optically thin cloud in thermal equilibrium, the OH column density of
the absorbing gas
is related to the excitation temperature Tx and the
1667 MHz optical depth
by the expression (e.g. Liszt & Lucas 1996)
B3 1504+377: The OH absorption redshift,
z = 0.67343, is
in good agreement with that of the HI (
z = 0.67340; Carilli et al. 1997);
however, the molecular absorption seen in the millimetre wave bands peaks about
15 km s-1 away, at
z = 0.67335 (Wiklind & Combes 1996a). Next, while the two
z = 0.67343 OH lines are not very different in peak optical depth, the
1667 MHz line can be seen to be the wider of the two (total spread 103 km s-1 against
75 km s-1); these widths are similar to those of
the
z = 0.67335 mm-wave lines (total spread
100 km s-1; Wiklind & Combes 1996a).
The integrated optical depths of the OH lines are
km s-1 and
km s-1. We note that millimetre wave molecular absorption has also been
detected at
z = 0.67150 (Wiklind & Combes 1996a); the 1665 MHz OH line corresponding
to this redshift arises at a heliocentric frequency of 996.352 MHz, and
may thus overlap with the 1667 MHz line of the
z = 0.67343 absorber. We will
hence use the integrated optical depth in the 1665 MHz line of the
z = 0.67343
absorber to evaluate its OH column density (assuming thermal equilibrium, i.e.
/
).
The integrated 1665 MHz optical depth then yields an OH column density
cm-2.
Carilli et al. (1997) estimate
,
from VLBI observations at 1.6 and
5 GHz, with the lower value obtained if only the compact core of the radio
continuum (size
7.2 pc) is covered by the absorbing cloud. On the
other hand, f = 0.74, if the radio jet of the source is also covered; this
would require a cloud of size greater than
54 pc. Typical sizes of
Giant Molecular Clouds in the Milky Way range from 10 to 50 pc (Blitz 1990);
we will hence use a covering factor f = 0.46 in the analysis. This yields
cm-2.
PKS 1413+135: The redshift of the OH absorption towards
PKS 1413+135 is in excellent agreement with that of the millimetric absorption
(
z = 0.24671; Wiklind & Combes 1997). The width of the 1667 MHz line is also quite
narrow, with a total spread 14 km s-1 (slightly wider than the mm lines
of Wiklind & Combes (1997), which have a total spread
10 km s-1); the
integrated optical depth is
km s-1. Equation (2) then yields an OH
column density
cm-2. VLBA
maps of PKS 1413+135 at 3.6, 6, 13 and 18 cm (Perlman et al. 1996) have shown
that the core (component N in their maps) is highly inverted, with a spectral
index
.
Extrapolating their flux measurements yields a
core flux of
70 mJy at the GMRT observing frequency, within
3 mas
(i.e.
10 pc at z = 0.247). Since this is likely to be covered by
the molecular cloud, we obtain a lower limit on the covering factor,
.
On the other hand, if components C and D (Perlman et al. 1996)
are also covered, it would imply
(using extrapolated fluxes of
components C and D). This is, however, unlikely, given that components C, D
and the core are spread over
20 mas (i.e.
65 pc at z = 0.247),
larger than the size of a typical molecular cloud. We will use f = 0.044
in the analysis (note that
is also possible); this yields
cm-2.
We also evaluate
for the other two high redshift molecular absorbers
in which OH absorption has been detected, towards B 0218+357 and PKS 1830-211
(Chengalur et al. 1999; Kanekar et al. 2001). In the case of PKS 1830-211, the integrated
optical depth in the 1667 MHz line is
km s-1;
i.e.
cm-2. The millimetric absorption
is known to occur only towards the south-west component of the background
source, which contains
36% of the radio flux (Wiklind & Combes 1998);
the covering factor is thus likely to be
.
We then obtain
(again using Tx = 10 K)
cm-2. Similarly, the integrated optical depth in the 1667 MHz line
is
km s-1, in the case of the
z = 0.6846
absorber towards B 0218+357 (Kanekar et al. 2001); thus,
cm-2. Carilli et al. (1993) estimate the covering
factor to be
,
assuming that only component A of the background
continuum source is covered by the absorbing cloud. The latter is reasonable
since it is known that the millimetric absorption also only occurs against this
component (Wiklind & Combes 1995). The OH column density is then
cm-2.
Figure 1c shows a plot of the OH column density versus the HCO+
column density for the four absorbers of our sample. The dotted line
is the relationship found in the Milky Way. All four systems lie close
to this line; the linear relationship between OH and HCO+ clearly appears to
persist out to
moderate redshifts. Table 1 summarises our results and
also lists the
column densities (evaluated using
)
for the four absorbers of our sample; these can be seen to be quite different
from the values estimated from CO observations (penultimate column).
It is interesting that our estimate of the
column density in the
z = 0.6846 absorber towards B 0218+357 is in reasonable agreement with that
obtained by Gerin et al. (1997) (
cm-2), using the
line. We also note that the good agreement between the observed
HCO+ column densities and those estimated using Eq. (1)
is despite the fact that we have used the general excitation temperature,
Tx = 10 K, for the OH line in all cases. For example, the HCO+ excitation
temperature is measured to be 13 K, in the case of the
z = 0.6734 absorber
towards B3 1504+377; if this value were also used for Tx, one would obtain
cm-2, in even better agreement with that obtained
from the HCO+ absorption spectra of Wiklind & Combes (1996a).
Finally, the last column of Table 1 gives the visual extinction
along the four lines of sight, evaluated using the
column densities of
Col. 8, the HI column densities obtained assuming a spin temperature of 100 K
(Carilli et al. 1992; Carilli et al. 1993; Carilli et al. 1997; Chengalur et al. 1999),
and a Galactic extinction law (RV = 3.1; Binney & Merrifield 1998). We note that
a far lower extinction (
)
is obtained towards B 0218+357
than that estimated from observations of the
line (
;
Wiklind & Combes 1999). While AV = 28 is still quite large and does
require the presence of fine structure in the molecular cloud (since component A
is visible in the optical; Wiklind & Combes 1999), the present value requires a less
dramatic change in physical conditions across the optical source than that obtained
by Wiklind & Combes (1999). We also find a high extinction towards PKS 1413+135
(
), although still somewhat smaller than that obtained from the
deficit of soft X-rays (
;
Stocke et al. 1992).
In summary, we find that the linear relationship between OH and HCO+ column
densities, seen in Galactic molecular clouds, appears to persist out
to absorbers at intermediate redshift, with
.
One may thus be able to use OH absorption lines to trace the
content
of molecular clouds at cosmological distances; all four absorbers of our sample
have
cm-2.
Acknowledgements
The GMRT observations presented in this paper would not have been possible without the many years of dedicated effort put in by the GMRT staff to build the telescope. The GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. We thank Chris Carilli for illuminating discussions, which were useful in planning the observations.