A&A 379, 884-892 (2001)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011372
M. Szymczak 1
- L. Baszkiewicz 1
- S. Etoka 1, 2,
- A. M. Le Squeren 3
1 -
Torun Centre for Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus
University, ul. Gagarina 11, 87100 Torun, Poland
2 - ARPEGES, Observatoire de Paris, 92195 Meudon, France
3 - GRAAL, Université de Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier,
France
Received 23 July 2001 / Accepted 24 September 2001
Abstract
We present an analysis of polarimetric observations
of the three semiregular variables RTVir, RCrt and WHya
obtained in the 1665 and 1667 MHz OH maser lines. Circular polarisation
data were taken at intervals over a period of 10-14 years.
During the two last years of the monitoring program the targets were observed
at intervals of 3-4 weeks in circular and linear polarisation.
Circular polarisation was dominant, whereas linear polarisation, if
detected, was weak. The degree of circular polarisation varied considerably
across the maser profiles. It decreased at velocities where strong
OH total flux density was observed, most likely due to blending effects.
Individual circularly polarised features exhibited various types of changes;
some features were transient or showed significant variations on
timescales of a few weeks to few months. Other features varied slowly over
the period of observations of about 5000 days and polarisation reversal
occurred. Net circular polarised emission was detected in the all three stars.
Variations of net circular polarisation and the degree of circular
polarisation of the maser features of RTVir implies a well-aligned
circumstellar magnetic field.
Linearly polarised features preferentially appeared at blue-shifted
velocities where they are not suppressed by Faraday rotation.
In the blue-shifted 1667 MHz features of RTVir we observed
a systematic increase of degree of linear polarisation associated with
a gradual decrease in the degree of circular polarisation. This behaviour
was possibly linked to variations in the electron density or propagation
effect in the maser regions. It is suggested that changes in the observational
characteristics of the polarised maser emission of the studied stars can be
caused by turbulence effects in the circumstellar magnetic field and by
global magnetic field reversal.
Key words: masers - polarisation - stars: variable - stars: AGB and post-AGB - stars: individual: RTVir, RCrt, WHya
OH mainline masers (1665 and 1667 MHz) emerging from the envelopes
of radii of a few 1015 cm created by extensive mass loss
(10-7
yr-1) from variable late-type stars are
usually polarised (Cohen 1989). OH semiregular variable stars
(SRs) appear to be an extreme class of such objects where circular
polarisation reached up to 55-75%, even for spectra obtained with a moderate
resolution (Szymczak et al. 1995). In two SRs, linearly polarised
features were found in the blue-shifted part of their OH spectra
(Szymczak et al. 1998, 1999). Therefore, SRs can
be particularly good candidates for polarimetric studies. Polarisation of maser
emission is thought to be mainly a consequence of the presence of a magnetic
field in the regions of line formation which shifts the energies of magnetic
sub-levels by the Zeeman effect (Elitzur 1996). Thus, studies of
SR stars can provide a means for assessing the properties of the magnetic field
in the outer circumstellar regions. In fact, the interferometric measurements of
the two SRs, WHya and RCrt, provided useful information on the strength of
the magnetic field and its alignment (Szymczak et al. 1998,
1999). To extend those studies we have analysed data from
a long-term monitoring program of OH mainline maser emission from SRs.
This is the second paper in a series relating the OH maser properties of the three semiregulars RTVir, RCrt and WHya. The general properties of the OH variations in these stars were recently reported in Paper I (Etoka et al. 2001). Although the all three stars are classified as SRs (Kholopov et al. 1985), RTVir and RCrt are quite irregular, having poorly defined optical periods of 155 and 160 days respectively. In both stars multiple, OH periods were established (Paper I). In turn, the OH period of WHya of 362 days is nearly identical to the optical period (Kholopov et al. 1985) and this star behaves like a Mira variable.
Here, we present the results for the behaviour of circularly polarised emission over a period comparable to the timescale of gas travel across OH maser shells. During the last two years of the program we also carried out observations in linear polarisation. These data provide the first conclusive evidence for variations in the net circular polarisation, the degree of fractional polarisation, and a relationship between linear and circular polarisations. These observational results are discussed in the context of theoretical relationships between the polarisation properties and magnetic fields, and the propagation of the polarised maser emission.
The observations were performed with the Nançay radio telescope.
The program monitoring RTVir, RCrt and WHya started in
1982 April, 1982 January and 1986 January respectively and finished
in 1995 November.
The details of equipment and observational techniques were given by
Etoka et al. (2001). In brief, the targets were observed
at 1665 and 1667 MHz with spectral resolutions of 0.07 or
0.14 kms-1. For the latter resolution the typical sensitivity was
0.20 Jy. Left- and right-handed polarisations (LHC, RHC) were observed
for the whole period of the monitoring. Over the last two years the horizontal
and vertical linear polarisations were observed too. Instrumental polarisation
of the telescope was continuously monitored and introduced negligible
errors in our polarimetric data.
The polarisation properties of the Nançay telescope were described
in detail by Kazès & Crutcher (1986). However, a small
difference in gain between both senses of circular polarisation would
produce spurious results. To avoid this we applied a procedure
described by Troland & Heiles (1982).
The degrees of circular and linear polarisation we will use afterwards in
this paper are defined as
and
,
respectively. Here,
and
are the flux densities
of the right- and left-handed circularly polarised emission respectively,
while
and
are the flux densities in horizontal and
veritical polarisation respectively.
Prior to 1985, the degree of polarisation had an uncertainty
of
10%.
The accuracy of flux density measurements significantly
improved during the last years of our program, so that the typical
error in the degree of polarisation was 3-4%.
The OH maser polarisation profiles averaged over the two last years of observations (1993 November-1995 November) are shown in Figs. 1-3. The spectral resolution was 0.07 kms-1.
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Figure 1: The average polarisation profiles of the 1667 and 1665 MHz maser lines for RTVir. The Stokes I profile (dotted line), the profile in circular polarisation (thick line) and in linear polarisation (thin line) are shown. The flux density scale for the I profile is shown on the left and the scale for the percentage of circular or linear polarisation is shown on the right. |
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Figure 2: Same as Fig. 1, but for RCrt. Note the absence of linearly polarised emission. |
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Figure 3: Same as Fig. 1, but for WHya. |
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No linear polarisation was found in the OH emission of RCrt (Fig. 2).
At 1667 MHz, the blue-shifted emission was weakly circularly polarised
(
%), while
of the red-shifted emission was up to
20-30% and the polarisation profile followed well the Stokes Iprofile. A similar trend was present at 1665 MHz. This suggests that
at least the red-shifted emission is composed of intrinsically
polarised features and a blending effect is quite weak. Blending
may have attenuated the degree of circular polarisation for the blue-shifted
emission.
The polarisation profiles of WHya are shown in Fig. 3. At 1667 MHz,
was usually lower than 12% and decreased to about 5%
for the blue-shifted parts of the profile with exception of
the extremely blue-shifted feature centred at 33.8 kms-1.
Weak linear polarisation of a few percent was seen for the
blue-shifted emission. Similar characteristics were more clearly
visible at 1665 MHz, where for less blue-shifted emission
reached values as high as 24-26%. Weak linearly
polarised emission appeared in the blue-shifted part of the spectrum only.
We suggest that a lowering of
at velocities
where a strong OH flux density (in Stokes I) is observed
is due to blending effects of circularly polarised features.
Variations in the degree of polarisation of the blue-shifted 1667 MHz
features of RTVir are shown in Fig. 4.
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Figure 4: Anticorrelation between the degrees of linear (circles) and circular (squares) polarisations in the velocity range 8.5-10.5 kms-1 for the 1667 MHz maser emission of RTVir (upper panel). The integrated flux density of the blue-shifted emission (lower panel) is shown for comparison. |
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Although the circularly polarised features were observed at velocities different from those of the linearly polarised features, long-term anticorrelated changes in their degrees of polarisation may be associated with slow variations of physical properties such as a decrease of the electron density in the maser regions which can prevent the emergence of circular polarisation but favours linear polarisation.
The Stokes V profiles of RTVir averaged over the whole period of
observations are shown in Fig. 5.
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Figure 5: Average Stokes V (upper panels) and variability of the degree of circular polarisation of selected features (lower panels) for the 1665 and 1667 MHz maser emission of RTVir. The various symbols stand for the selected features as displayed on the Stokes V profile panel. |
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The time-averaged Stokes V profiles of RCrt are shown in Fig. 6.
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Figure 6: Same as Fig. 5, but for RCrt. |
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Figure 7: Same as Fig. 5, but for WHya. |
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The OH maser spectra in Stokes V of WHya showed several circularly
polarised features (Fig. 7).
The
variations of some of them
are displayed. For the red-shifted features at 1665 MHz,
showed changes over a few hundred days superimposed with long-term
variations. Most of the time, the blue-shifted features showed
smooth changes in
.
Variations of
of the 1667 MHz features were smoother than
those of the 1665 MHz spectrum. This suggests that variations of the degree
of circular polarisation may depend on the distance of maser regions
from the central star. The amplitudes of
of the 1667 MHz features
were lower than those observed for the 1665 MHz features.
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Figure 8: Variability of the integrated flux densities in Stokes Vof RTVir at 1667 (filled circles) and 1665 MHz (open circles) for the red-shifted a) and blue-shifted b) emissions. |
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We conclude that the degree of circular polarisation of the
OH maser features of the studied semiregulars exhibited a variety of behaviours.
Some circularly polarised features are transient; they vanish and
reappear at other epochs. Long-lasting features show moderate variations
in their ,
superimposed on short changes (50-100 days)
of high amplitude.
A reversal of circular polarisation of these permanent
features occurs over a period comparable to the whole
interval of observations, i.e. of more than 5000 days.
The variability of the integrated flux in Stokes V of RTVir is shown in Fig. 8. The red-shifted emission in Stokes V of both lines followed the changes observed in the total flux density (see Fig. 14 of Paper I). The same trend was observed for the blue-shifted emission. Thus, in the envelope of RTVir, the maser emission of one sense of the circular polarisation was preferentially propagated. It is interesting that the net circular polarisation in the red-shifted part of the spectrum is in the opposite sense to that observed in the blue-shifted part. This can be an indication of a well ordered magnetic field in the same direction for both the front and back parts of the envelope.
The variability curves of the integrated flux in Stokes V for
the red- and blue-shifted parts of the 1665 and 1667 MHz line profiles
of RCrt are shown in Fig. 9.
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Figure 9: Same as in Fig. 8, but for RCrt. |
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In the best sampled interval of observations of WHya, the integrated
flux in Stokes V showed considerable variations in both lines
(Fig. 10).
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Figure 10: Same as in Fig. 8, but for WHya. |
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The main finding of our polarimetric measurements is that individual
polarised features exhibited various types of variations.
An intriguing behaviour showed the blue-shifted 1667 MHz emission
of RTVir (Fig. 4). For this emission the anticorrelation between
and
occurred over the two last years of monitoring. No correlation
between the changes in the degree of polarisation and periodic variations
in the integrated OH flux density was seen. However, we noted a slight increase
of the integrated OH flux density during consecutive minima. A decrease
of
with an increase of total flux density is expected for
a thick envelope where blending of polarised features can play a role.
Furthermore, the linear and circular polarisations of this emission disappear
(JDm=4630, Fig. 4) when the maser emission is not sustained in a regular
manner. The behaviour of the blue-shifted 1667 MHz emission of RTVir
may imply that the polarisation is an intensity-independent process.
Magnetic fields are thought to generate maser polarisation (Goldreich
et al. 1973). The linearly polarised components ()
are expected to be suppressed for a wide range of the ratio of the
Zeeman splitting to the Doppler line width and saturated
emission. As shown in Paper I, OH emission from RTVir is unsaturated,
at least during outburst activity, so that the conditions for suppression
of the linearly polarised features are fulfilled. Therefore,
linearly polarised components propagating away from the star are
likely to be unaffected by internal Faraday rotation as the electron density
should drop with distance from the central star. In contrast, in inner regions
of the envelope, those components are destroyed resulting in an increase
of circular polarisation. This explanation is consistent with the observation
that the linearly polarised emission almost always appears at the extreme
blue-shifted velocities for RTVir and WHya, whereas the circularly
polarised components (
)
occur in the innermost parts of
the double-peaked spectrum. Similar observational
evidence was also provided by interferometric studies
(Szymczak et al. 1998, 1999).
It is likely that those
properties are usual for Mira-type OH emitters.
If the above interpretation of the Faraday effect on linear polarisation
is correct, a gradual increase of
together with a decrease
of
implies that the electron density slowly decreases over
the period of observations. Full polarimetric observations of other stars
would be interesting in order to verify this assumption.
Because the propagation of
and
components of Zeeman pattern
is allowed perpendicular and parallel to the lines of magnetic fields
respectively (Elitzur 1996), the changes observed in
polarisation properties of the blue-shifted 1667 MHz emission of RTVir
can be due to changes in
the strength and/or configuration of circumstellar magnetic field.
Polarimetric observations with high angular resolutions would be
helpful to test this hypothesis.
Evidence for considerable variations of the net circular polarisation of OH maser emission from the studied semiregular variables is one of our most important findings. In RCrt and RTVir, these variations were correlated with the changes observed in the total integrated flux, whereas in WHya anticorrelation was seen at least for the blue-shifted emission. If the primary mechanism of polarisation is the Zeeman effect, then a non-zero value of the integrated flux in Stokes V indicates that one of the circular polarisations is more amplified. Enhancement of the optical depth of one sense of the circular polarisation over that of the opposite sense due to matching of the gradients of magnetic field and velocity (Cook 1975), or the overlap of the Zeeman component due to the velocity gradient alone (Deguchi & Watson 1986), are probably involved. Because in the studied semiregulars, the OH mainline emission arises at the distance of 40-130 au from the central star (Szymczak et al. 1998, 1999), it is likely that the magnetic field strength is high enough to split lines of opposite circular polarisation by more than a thermal linewidth. In this case, if it is confirmed that the components are spatially coincident, the magnetic field strength along the line of sight can be estimated.
Growth of one sense of circular polarisation in RCrt and RTVir is mainly
responsible for the OH flux density increase. This suggests the presence of
a fairly ordered circumstellar magnetic field in thin OH envelopes.
RTVir is an interesting source since one sense of the circular
polarisation apparently propagates preferentially on one side
of the envelope, that is, LHC emission dominates at blue-shifted velocities
while RHC emission dominates at red-shifted velocities.
A natural explanation could be the Cook mechanism for an envelope with a global
magnetic field oriented towards the observer. In such a case, components (LHC) of Zeeman patterns will overlap, while
components
(RHC) will diminish at the front of the envelope.
The opposite case will occur at the back of the envelope. Similar
arguments successfully explained a segregation of the circularly polarised
OH masers in VXSgr (Zell & Fix 1996) for a bipolar magnetic field.
In the case of RTVir we do not assume a field configuration but only
its direction.
Preferential amplification of one sense of circular polarisation probably operates also in WHya, but due to a larger thickness of the OH shell, the net circular polarisation decreases during OH maxima as a result of spectral blending of individual emitting elements. In the two other targets, the blending is weak if any, possibly due to a smaller number of maser elements in relatively thin envelopes.
In Paper I, we presented the periodic variations of the total OH flux density of the same three semiregulars. In general, there is no obvious relationship between these variations and changes in the degree of circular polarisation of the most prominent individual features. This can imply that circularly polarised features arise due to propagation effects such as those issuing from a correlation between the gradient of magnetic fields and the outflow velocity (Cook 1975) or a correlation of velocity gradients alone (Deguchi & Watson 1986). Our data for WHya suggest that these effects can be partly masked for spectra obtained with moderate velocity resolutions. Nevertheless, rapid variation in the degree of circular polarisation observed for some features on time-scales of a few months can be intrinsic to the masers. These can be due to plasma turbulence effects which may alter the magnetic field in the OH maser region, suppressing the maser amplification via the Cook mechanism (Palen & Fix 2000). For long-lasting polarised features, we found a reversal of circular polarisation on a time-scale comparable to the duration of our monitoring program. If the Cook mechanism is responsible for the growth of one component of a Zeeman pair, such an effect could be expected for a circumstellar bipolar magnetic field which reverses its configuration over a period longer than 5000 days.
Variations in the polarisation properties of OH mainline emission from three semiregular variables have been observed over 10-14 years. The main conclusions are summarised as follows:
1. Circular polarisation dominates in the all maser sources. The degree of circular polarisation of maser features varied considerably on different timescales. Variations over a few months can be caused by turbulence effects in the circumstellar magnetic field, whereas smooth variations over 5000 days can be due to a reversal in magnetic field configuration or secular changes in its strength.
2. Linearly polarised features are generally weak and preferentially occur at the blue-shifted velocities where they are not strongly affected by internal Faraday rotation.
3. Anticorrelation between the degrees of circular and linear polarisations
was found for the blue-shifted features of RTVir at 1667 MHz. A slow
increase of
and a decrease of
is interpreted as due
to a lowering of the electron density with distance from the star during
the period of observations. These variations are not correlated with cyclic
changes of the total integrated flux density and may suggest that the
polarisation is an intensity-independent process.
4. Changes of the net circular polarisation are well correlated with changes of the integrated flux density. This indicates that mechanisms of preferential amplification of one sense of circular polarisation operate in the OH envelopes of the studied sources. Variations of polarisation properties of RTVir suggest a circumstellar magnetic field well aligned relative to the line of sight.
Acknowledgements
S.E. thanks the "Société de Secours des Amis des Sciences'' for financial support through a research grant. The authors wish to thank Dr. Anita Richards for useful suggestions on the manuscript. The Unité Scientifique Nançay of the Observatoire de Paris is associated as Unité de Service et de Recherche USR No. B704 to the French Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).