Population synthesis models indicate a need for early and ubiquitous disk substructures Luca Delussu, Tilman Birnstiel, Anna Miotello, Paola Pinilla, Giovanni Rosotti and Sean M. Andrews A&A, 688 (2024) A81 Published online: 06 August 2024 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202450328