Gas-phase metallicity as a function of stellar mass at z ∼ 5 − 17, as marked. Lines represent the mean of the five runs with different seeds for each model; shaded areas represent the range between the minima and maxima shown by the 16^th and 84^th percentiles, respectively. At z ∼ 5 − 9, orange pentagons show observational results from Curti et al. (2024). At z ∼ 7, grey hexagons show observations of the low-mass end of the mass-metallicity relation from Chemerynska et al. (2024).