Radial profiles. Here we show Σ_* (top left), Σ_gas (top right), Σ_SFR (bottom left), and Z (bottom right) for NGC 628, NGC 5457, NGC 598, and NGC 300 (as shown in the legend) compared to the two galaxies simulated in the GADGET4-OSAKA with two different values for the dust-accretion timescales (τ₀ = 160 and 800 Myr for the purple and brown lines, respectively). The lines indicate the average values and the uncertainties of the rings, and the shaded area is the 1σ within the ring. We note here that Σ_SFR shows little dispersion inside the rings in the simulations. The initial conditions for the GADGET4-OSAKA simulations were adjusted to reproduce the observed profiles for NGC 628 (see the Appendix of Matsumoto et al. 2024).