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Fig. 1

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Simulation setup using the REBOUND code, featuring a central star with a solar mass. Orbiting the star are 100 planetary embryos, each with a mass of 0.05 Earth masses (represented by black dots) and 1000 planetesimals, each with a mass of 0.005 Earth masses (represented by gray dots), arranged in a ring approximately 1 AU in radius. Additionally, a gas giant (represented by an orange dot) orbits at a distance of 2 AU.

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