Spectra of the equatorial modes. (a) Maximum horizontal velocity v_h of the equatorial modes near the top boundary r = 0.95 R_⊙ at each azimuthal order m. The red, blue, and green points represent the ζ_z-symmetric columnar convective modes, n = 0 equatorial Rossby modes, and the mixed Rossby modes, respectively. The black dashed line represents the overall power of the convection simulation (including modes at high latitudes and stochastic convective motions). The cyan diamonds and squares denote the (rms) horizontal velocity amplitudes of the observed Rossby modes near the solar surface obtained by Liang et al. (2019) and Gizon et al. (2021), respectively. (b) Spectra of the volume-integrated kinetic energy of the equatorial modes.