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This article has an erratum: [https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141096e]


Fig. 1

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Growth tracks of planets that accrete pebbles (solid lines) and gas (dashed lines) starting at different initial positions in disks with different values for α (indicated by color). The dashed gray lines mark the positions of evaporation lines for α = 5 × 10−4. The solid gray horizontal line marks the mass of Jupiter. The brown, yellow, and green dots mark an evolution time of t = 1 Myr, t = 2 Myr, and t = 3 Myr, respectively. The planet starting at 3 AU in a disk with α = 0.001 reaches the inner edge of the disk before 1 Myr of evolution. The left panels display models with 20% of the carbon abundance locked in refractory carbon grains, whereas the right panels show models with 60% locked in carbon grains. Model parameters can be found in Table 2.

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