Contents

A&A 479, 141-148 (2008)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20078226

Detection of the lithium depletion boundary in the young open cluster IC 4665[*],[*]

S. Manzi1 - S. Randich1 - W. J. de Wit2,3 - F. Palla1


1 - INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
2 - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, Observatoire de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
3 - School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

Received 5 July 2007 / Accepted 13 November 2007

Abstract
Context. The so-called lithium depletion boundary (LDB) provides a secure and independent tool for deriving the ages of young open clusters.
Aims. In this context, our goal is to determine membership for a sample of 147 photometrically selected candidates of the young open cluster IC 4665 and to use confirmed members to establish an age based on the LDB.
Methods. Employing the FLAMES multi-object spectrograph on VLT/UT2, we have obtained intermediate-resolution spectra of the cluster candidates. The spectra were used to measure radial velocities and to infer the presence of the Li I 670.8 nm doublet and H$\alpha $ emission.
Results. We have identified 39 bona fide cluster members based on radial velocity, H$\alpha $ emission, and Li absorption. The mean radial velocity of IC 4665 is found to be $V_{\rm rad}$ = $-15.95 \pm 1.13$ km s-1. Confirmed cluster members display a sharp transition in magnitude between stars with and without lithium, both in the $I_{\rm m}$ vs.  $I_{\rm m}-z$ and in the $K_{\rm s}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ diagrams. From this boundary, we deduce a cluster age of $27.7^{+4.2}_{-3.5} \pm 1.1 \pm 2$ Myr.
Conclusions. IC 4665 is the fifth cluster for which an LDB age has been determined, and it is the youngest cluster among these five. Thus, the LDB is established from relatively bright stars still in the contracting pre-main sequence phase. The mass of the boundary is $M_\ast=0.24 \pm 0.04$ $M_\odot$. The LDB age agrees well with the ages derived from isochrone fitting of both low and high mass, turn-off stars, a result similar to what is found in the slightly older NGC 2547.

Key words: open clusters and associations: individual: IC 4665 - stars: low-mass, brown dwarfs - stars: pre-main-sequence - stars: abundances

  
1 Introduction

Pre-main sequence (PMS) clusters with an age of 5-50 Myr represent an ideal tool for investigating several aspects related to star formation and the early phases of (sub-)stellar evolution. These clusters provide the youngest samples of PMS stars outside a star forming environment. Indeed, unlike star forming regions, PMS clusters show the complete and final product of the formation process, immediately after the active phase of star birth. Moreover, the low-mass members (both stars and brown dwarfs) are still bright and readily detectable, and not affected by severe extinction since most of the circumstellar and interstellar material has been accreted and dispersed. Finally, the age interval of PMS clusters is critical with respect to the early evolution of protoplanetary disks, stellar rotation, and activity. Despite these benefits, at present only three systems are confirmed PMS clusters: NGC 2547 ($\sim $35 Myr; Jeffries & Oliveira 2005), NGC 2169 ($\sim $10 Myr; Jeffries et al. 2007), IC 2391 ($\sim $50 Myr; Barrado y Navascués et al. 2004); a few other candidates exist. The identification of additional PMS cluster candidates and confirmation of their nature through a secure age determination would therefore represent a significant improvement from the phenomenological and statistical point of view (see discussion in Jeffries et al. 2007).

Ages of stellar clusters can be obtained from the location of the main sequence turn-off ( $t_{\rm nucl}$) or from the isochronal distribution of the PMS population in the HR diagram. These classical methods are widely used, but suffer from large uncertainties of up to a factor of two in age (e.g., Mermilliod 2000; Jeffries & Oliveira 2005). On the contrary, the method based on the lithium depletion boundary (LDB) has proven to be robust and less model dependent since it relies on well known physics (Bildsten et al. 1997; Ushomirsky et al. 1998). During the PMS phase, stars undergo a gradual gravitational contraction that causes a progressive, mass-dependent rise of the central temperature. Li burning starts when the core reaches a temperature $\simeq$ $3\times 10^{6}$ K (depending on density); hence, in fully convective low-mass stars ( $M \la 0.5~M_{\odot}$) Li is depleted from the initial interstellar abundance on a time scale that is a sensitive function of mass. In a young stellar cluster three regimes of Li depletion are present: i) relatively massive stars (with radiative interiors) that suffer only a little amount of Li depletion; ii) stars in the so-called Li chasm (Basri 1997) that have fully depleted their initial Li supply; iii) low mass stars that have preserved the initial Li content. The transition between low-mass stars with and without Li is very sharp and the luminosity of the faintest star that has depleted 99% of its initial Li identifies the boundary (LDB) and the age ( $t_{\rm LDB}$) of the cluster (e.g., Basri et al. 1996; Basri 1997; Stauffer 2000). The older the cluster is, the fainter the stars at the boundary are. So far, the LDB has been detected in four clusters: the Pleiades (Stauffer et al. 1998), $\alpha $ Persei (Stauffer et al. 1999), IC 2391 (Barrado y Navascués et al. 2004), and NGC 2547 (Jeffries & Oliveira 2005). Remarkably, the LDB ages determined for the Pleiades, $\alpha $ Per, and IC 2391 exceed the nuclear ages by a factor $\sim $1.5; these particular nuclear ages were derived from fitting the cluster turn-off (TO) with evolutionary models without overshooting. On the other hand, the two dating methods yield similar ages for the younger cluster NGC 2547, although the cluster's nuclear age is still rather uncertain.

In this paper, we report on the determination of the LDB in the open cluster IC 4665 whose properties have been extensively discussed by de Wit et al. (2006). IC 4665 is an interesting candidate PMS cluster, located relatively far from the Galactic plane at $b \sim +17^\circ$. Its nuclear age is about $t_{\rm nucl}=36~{\rm Myr}$ (Mermilliod 1981), but other properties might suggest an age as high as 100 Myr (Prosser 1993). The Hipparcos distance is $385\pm40$ pc (Hoogerwerf et al. 2001), while a lower value of 320 pc has been derived by Crawford & Barnes (1972). IC 4665 was targeted for a wide and deep survey in $I_{\rm m}$ (Mould) and z filters at the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope (CFHT). This deep photometric survey led to the detection of 786 new low-mass stellar and brown dwarf candidate members ( $14.8< I_{\rm m}<22$), down to about $30~M_{\rm jup}$ (de Wit et al. 2006). Given the nuclear age of IC 4665, the new low-mass candidate members provide a sample suitable for the detection of the LDB and for the derivation of an accurate and independent age estimate. The importance of such determination was already stressed by Martín & Montes (1997) who were the first to obtain Li abundances in a small sample of cluster stars (mainly of G and early-K spectral-type). Although a spread in Li was found, the observations did not reach the low luminosity population of IC 4665 where the LDB is expected to occur.

Our paper is structured as follows: Sect. 2 describes the sample selection, observations, and data analysis. The results on membership and the lithium boundary are given in Sect. 3. The age of IC 4665 and the comparison with other young PMS clusters is discussed in Sect. 4. The conclusions close the paper.

  \begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,clip]{8226fig1.ps}\end{figure} Figure 1: $I_{\rm m}$ vs. $I_{\rm m}-z$ color-magnitude diagram of all the 137 candidate members observed with Giraffe and with available photometry from the CFHT survey. Target stars have been retrieved from i. Prosser (1993) and Giampapa et al. (1998): open circles, 89 stars; ii. de Wit et al. (2006), open squares and crosses - 15 and eight stars, respectively; iii. Luyten (1961): triangles, two stars. Filled squares instead represent candidates common to Prosser and de Wit et al. (24 stars). Crosses are the eight objects brighter than the minimum magnitude selection limit in de Wit et al. and not reported in Prosser. Three isochrones for 30, 50, and 100 Myr are shown from the Nextgen model of Baraffe et al. (1998) with a mixing length parameter $\alpha =1$ and for a distance of 370 pc (see Sect. 3.2).

2 Sample selection, observations and data analysis

Target stars were selected from different sources: Prosser (1993), Giampapa et al. (1998), de Wit et al. (2006), and a literature search on SIMBAD. The sample includes 96 stars from Prosser (1993 - of these, 88 were covered by the CFHT survey, but not included in the catalog of de Wit et al.), one star from Giampapa et al. (1998), 15 stars from de Wit et al. (2006), 24 stars included both in Prosser and de Wit et al. catalogs, and eight new candidate members. The latter had been selected by de Wit et al., but were not included in their final analysis since they are brighter than $I_{\rm m}=14.8$ mag, the cutoff limit used in that paper. Finally, we also observed two stars from Luyten (1961) and one IRAS source (IRAS 17447+054), since they happen to lie in the FLAMES target fields. The present sample hence consists of a total of 147 stars. Of these, a subsample of 137 candidate cluster members have $I_{\rm m}$ and z photometry available from the CFHT survey. Figure 1 shows their distribution in the color-magnitude diagram. Stars with $I_{\rm m}$ magnitudes between $\sim $16 and 18 bracket the expected apparent brightness of the LDB boundary at the distance of IC 4665 corresponding to a relatively young ($\sim $20 Myr) and old ($\sim $50 Myr) age.
  \begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,clip]{8226fig2a.ps}\hspace*{2mm} \includegraphics[width=7.5cm,clip]{8226fig2b.ps}\end{figure} Figure 2: Spectra of 13 stars ordered by increasing magnitude representative of the Li range: above the chasm (#9 and #33), in the chasm (#27 and #105), and close and below the the LDB (#119, #94, #90, #85, #71, #93, #31, #60, #144). The vertical dashed line at 607.8 nm marks the expected Li line position. Note that the TiO bands at wavelengths redder than $\sim $672 nm are not visible in the spectra with very low S/N due to poor sky subtraction.

The 147 target stars are listed in Table 1 that gives a running number (Col. 1); coordinates (Cols. 2, 3); data source (Col. 4: 1- only in Prosser or Giampapa et al.; 2- from Prosser and de Wit et al.; 3- only in de Wit et al.; 4- not in Prosser nor in de Wit et al. because brighter than the $I_{\rm m}$ limit of that paper; 9- from IRAS or Luyten); name (Col. 5); $I_{\rm m}$ and z magnitudes (Cols. 6, 7); radial velocity and associated error (Cols. 8, 9; a ``-" means that we were not able to measure the velocity); presence (Y) or lack (N) of the Li line (Col. 10: ``?" means that the S/N did not allow to confirm or reject the presence of Li); presence of the H$\alpha $ line in absorption or emission (Col. 11); and membership flag (Col. 12 - see Sect. 3.1). The $I_{\rm m}$ and z magnitudes listed in the table are from the CFHT measurements. Note that for a large fraction of these objects VI photometry in the Kron system is also available from Prosser (1993) and that near-infrared photometry for all the stars was retrieved from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) catalogue. In the following, we will use our running numbers given in Col. 1.

The observations were carried out in Service Mode during May, June, July, and September 2004 using the FLAMES instrument (Pasquini et al. 2002) on VLT/UT2. The spectra were obtained with the GIRAFFE spectrograph in conjunction with the MEDUSA fibre system and a 600 lines/mm grating (L6). The resolving power is $R\sim 8000$, and the exposure time chosen to reach a S/N ratio $\sim $20 for the faintest targets. The spectra cover the wavelength range between 643.8 nm and 718.4 nm, which includes the H$\alpha $ line, besides the Li  I 607.8 nm resonance doublet. The stars were observed in two configurations, A and B, covering two different fields. The configurations were centered at RA(2000) = 17$^{\rm h}$46$^{\rm m}$46.27$^{\rm s}$ and Dec(2000) = +05$^{\rm d}$ 38$^{\rm m}$ 17.7$^{\rm s}$, and RA(2000) = 17$^{\rm h}$45$^{\rm m}$26.91$^{\rm s}$ and Dec(2000) = +05$^{\rm d}$56$^{\rm m}$53.7$^{\rm s}$, respectively. 94 and 53 stars were allocated in configurations A and B. We obtained six 45 min exposures for configuration A and four 45 min exposures for configuration B.

Data reduction was performed using Giraffe BLDRS[*], following the standard procedure and steps (Blecha & Simond 2004). The sky contribution was subtracted separately; namely, for each configuration, we considered 15 sky spectra, subdivided them in three groups of five spectra, and derived the median sky from each group. Then, we formed a ``master'' sky by taking the average of the three median sky spectra. Due to the fact that the sky on the CCD was rather inhomogeneous and to the presence of scattered light from the fibers allocated to very bright objects, for the faint stars an appropriate sky subtraction was impossible to perform. For this reason, while both the Li and H$\alpha $ lines when present are in most cases clearly visible in the spectrum, we prefer not to give any quantitative measurement of their equivalent widths.

Data handling and analysis has been carried out both with MIDAS and IRAF[*] software packages. In most cases multiple sky-subtracted spectra of the same target have been combined, after adjusting them for Doppler shift due to the motion of the earth after sky subtraction. For a few stars we excluded one or more exposures, due to bad quality. Final S/N ratios per resolution element are in the range $\sim $200-15.

In Fig. 2 we present some representative spectra spanning the magnitude range corresponding to the three regimes mentioned in Sect. 1: solar-type stars with a strong Li line; stars lacking Li that fall in the Li chasm; stars below the LDB, showing again the Li feature. Radial velocities ( $V_{\rm rad}$) have been measured from the average shift of the spectral lines in the co-added spectra. For some critical spectra (e.g. low S/N, suspected binary) we have determined $V_{\rm rad}$ from the individual exposures. Measurements of $V_{\rm rad}$ were carried out using IRAF and the RVIDLINES procedure. We typically used 10-20 lines per star, depending on S/N. For the faintest stars, $V_{\rm rad}$ was determined using a couple of lines only. Resulting heliocentric radial velocities have errors between 0.5 and 6 km s-1and are listed in Cols. 8 and 9 of Table 1.

   
Table 2: Stars confirmed as members. The values for $I_{\rm c}$ are converted from $I_{\rm m}$, as explained in the text.
# $I_{\rm m}$ $I_{\rm m}-z$ $I_{\rm c}-K_{\rm s}$ EW(Li) # $I_{\rm m}$ $I_{\rm m}-z$ $I_{\rm c}-K_{\rm s}$ EW(Li) # $I_{\rm m}$ $I_{\rm m}-z$ $I_{\rm c}-K_{\rm s}$ EW(Li)
  (mag) (mag) (mag) (mÅ)   (mag) (mag) (mag) (mÅ)   (mag) (mag) (mag) (mÅ)
20 12.440 0.270 1.639 $30\pm 4$ 72 14.876 0.478 2.449 -- 100 16.475 0.621 2.709 --
6 12.614 0.268 1.771 $52\pm 5$ 88 14.910 0.467 2.287 -- 69 -- -- -- --
9 12.623 0.328 1.343 $235\pm 5$ 95 15.228 0.450 2.482 -- 119 16.608 0.580 2.506 Y?
26 12.696 0.203 1.243 $255\pm 7$ 147 15.269 0.454 2.302 -- 94 16.650 0.603 2.710 Y?
33 12.697 0.205 1.291 $274\pm 7$ 105 15.278 0.477 2.369 -- 90 16.685 0.585 2.665 Y
74 12.718 0.176 1.255 $245\pm 10$ 145 15.373 0.584 2.591 -- 85 16.706 0.637 2.661 Y
62 13.074 0.233 1.567 $236\pm 8$ 55 15.474 0.487 2.412 -- 71 16.736 0.741 2.965 Y
16 13.413 0.259 1.569 $35\pm 4$ 98 15.741 0.564 2.590 -- 93 16.840 0.722 2.730 ?
59 13.443 0.309 1.959 $70\pm 3$ 87 15.902 0.584 2.545 -- 31 16.928 0.614 2.747 ?
125 13.680 0.277 1.699 $31\pm 4$ 82 15.940 0.649 2.579 -- 60 16.940 0.699 2.860 Y
83 13.705 0.256 1.748 -- 28 16.074 0.573 2.484 -- 144 17.248 0.701 2.896 Y
142 13.844 0.387 2.464 -- 128 16.116 0.572 2.550 --          
27 14.147 0.343 1.959 -- 121 16.169 0.632 2.720 --          
120 14.554 0.399 2.262 -- 138 16.236 0.670 2.814 --          

3 Results

  
3.1 Membership

In order to confirm or reject membership of the cluster candidates, we applied the usual radial velocity criterion, together with the requirement on the presence of Li (for bright stars) and/or H$\alpha $. We have first estimated the cluster average $V_{\rm rad}$  and its standard deviation from the observed $V_{\rm rad}$  distribution of the sample. In Fig. 3 we show the distribution of measured radial velocities (stars with variable $V_{\rm rad}$ are obviously not included in the figure): there is a clear peak at $V_{\rm rad}$ $\approx$ -15 km s-1 which indicates the presence of the cluster. The average velocity was derived by fitting the observed distributions with two gaussian functions, one for the cluster and one for field stars; the best fit was then determined using a maximum likelihood algorithm. For IC 4665 we find $V_{\rm rad}$(IC 4665) =-15.95 km s-1 and $\sigma$(IC 4665) = 1.13 km s-1, while for the field we obtain $V_{\rm rad}$ (field) = -15.87 km s-1 and $\sigma$(field) = 48.63 km s-1. Interestingly, the field and cluster velocities are very similar, although, as expected, the distribution of the field stars is much broader. The cluster average velocity is compatible with previous estimates, notably that from the high-mass members viz. $V_{\rm rad}$ = -15.5 km s-1 and $\sigma=2.9$ km s-1 (Crampton et al. 1976). On the other hand, Prosser & Giampapa (1994) found the slightly higher value of $V_{\rm rad}$ = -13 km s-1.
  \begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=9cm]{8226fig3.ps}\end{figure} Figure 3: Radial velocity distribution of IC 4665 candidate members. The two Gaussians (solid curves) indicate the best fits for the cluster and field, respectively.

We have considered as cluster members those stars with $V_{\rm rad}$ within $\pm 3\sigma$ from the average value. In addition, we have also included three stars (#55, #87, and #138) with $V_{\rm rad}$ slightly outside this limit, but with large errors on $V_{\rm rad}$ and with other indicators consistent with membership (see below). With this criterion 42 radial velocity members were found, with an expected statistical contamination (i.e., non members with $V_{\rm rad}$ consistent with the cluster) of five stars, as estimated from the fitting procedure. Furthermore, 14 possible members with variable radial velocity and/or evidence for a double line system were considered as possible members. Thus, we have a total of 56 possible candidates.
  \begin{figure} \par\psfig{figure=8226fig4.ps,height=7.3cm, angle=-90,clip}\end{figure} Figure 4: CM diagram of the observed targets with available Iz photometry including information on $V_{\rm rad}$ and presence of H$\alpha $ emission. Symbols are as follows: open circles - $V_{\rm rad}$ members without H$\alpha $ emission; filled circles - $V_{\rm rad}$ members with H$\alpha $ emission, including the three marginal $V_{\rm rad}$ members; open squares - $V_{\rm rad}$ variables without H$\alpha $ emission; filled squares - $V_{\rm rad}$ variables with H$\alpha $ emission or "abs/em''; crosses - all other stars.

The presence of H$\alpha $ emission and/or Li absorption provides additional membership criteria for the $V_{\rm rad}$  members and for stars without a radial velocity measurement. In Fig. 4 we show the same color-magnitude (CM) diagram of Fig. 1, but with the additional information on $V_{\rm rad}$ and H$\alpha $ of each individual star. The figure clearly shows that stars with $I_{\rm m}\ga14$ must have H$\alpha $ emission in order to be members. Therefore, we considered as non members all stars fainter than this magnitude limit without H$\alpha $ emission: we found 10 such stars (#2, #36, #41, #44, #48, #49, #67, #81, #126, #139), four of them with $V_{\rm rad}$  consistent with membership, and six with variable $V_{\rm rad}$. We also discarded the star #129 which does not show the Li line, in spite of having a magnitude brighter than the Li chasm, as well as stars #5 and #141, with no available photometry, but lacking both Li and H$\alpha $. Interestingly, the number of stars with consistent $V_{\rm rad}$, but not satisfying the H$\alpha $/Li criteria (seven) is comparable to that of the expected number of contaminants. Finally, we note the presence of four stars with uncertain membership status, because we could not retrieve enough/secure information from their spectra. One of them, star #11, is a SB2 system with H$\alpha $ emission and uncertain Li status; given its position in the CM diagram (below the sequence), it is likely a non member. A final membership flag is given in Col. 12 of Table 1. Specifically, we assigned a ``Y'' status to stars with secure membership and consistency between all indicators; we marked ``Y?'' stars with two indicators (out of three) consistent with membership and the three stars with $V_{\rm rad}$  slightly outside the permitted range, while we gave uncertain status (``?'') to the four stars with variable radial velocity, H$\alpha $ emission, and uncertain Li line. Finally, stars that turned out to be non members are marked with ``N''. In summary, of the 147 candidates, 39 stars are members (Y or Y? status), 104 non members, and 4 with uncertain membership. The 39 confirmed members are listed in Table 2, where we also give the Li equivalent widths for the brighter objects and the presence of the Li line for the faintest ones.

Our analysis indicates that 27% of the sample stars are likely cluster members, in reasonable agreement with the estimate of de Wit et al. (2006). A detailed discussion of membership and contamination in different mass bins cannot be presented here, since not only our spectroscopic sample is incomplete as a whole, but stars in different mass bins are characterized by varying degrees of completeness. This discussion is deferred to a forthcoming paper (de Wit et al., in preparation) where the analysis of a much larger sample of very low-mass cluster stars and brown dwarfs will be presented, based on low resolution optical and near-IR spectra.

  
3.2 The absolute brightness of the Li boundary

In Fig. 5 we show the $I_{\rm m}$ vs. $I_{\rm m}-z$ and $K_{\rm s}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ color-magnitude diagrams of the 38 likely cluster members listed in Table 2 with available photometry.

A chasm and boundary are clearly present in both diagrams. We determine the observed LDB of IC 4665 from the brightest star with secure Li detection (``Y'' status in Table 2) on the faint side of the chasm. In the $I_{\rm m}$ vs. $I_{\rm m}-z$ diagram this corresponds to the star #90 with $I_{\rm m}=16.68$. Note that, whereas the Li line might be present in the spectra of stars #119 and #94 (classified as ``Y?'' in Table 2), the lower S/N of these two spectra makes the detection of Li less secure than in the case of star #90. Alternatively, the theoretical LBD could also be defined by the faintest star within the chasm. In such a case, the LDB of IC 4665 would correspond to the star #100 with $I_{\rm m}=16.47$ mag.

For most of faint members in this paper, standard $VI_{\rm C}$ photometry is not available. In order to convert Mould to Cousin I magnitudes, we used new photometry of IC 4665 that will be presented in James et al. (2008). More specifically, James et al. have performed a shallow survey of IC 4665 in BVI$_{\rm C}$, allowing us to derive relationships both between $I_{\rm m}-z$ and $V-I_{\rm C}$ colors and between $I_{\rm C}$ and $I_{\rm m}$  magnitudes. The relation between $I_{\rm m}-z$ and $V-I_{\rm C}$ was obtained for objects present in both James et al. and de Wit et al. (2006) with 0.0 < $I_{\rm m}-z$< 0.35 or, correspondingly, $0.7<V-I_{\rm C}<2.1$. We found $V-I_{\rm C}$ = $0.65444+3\times $( $I_{\rm m}-z$) + $3\times$( $I_{\rm m}-z$)2. This was then extrapolated up to $I_{\rm m}-z$ = 0.75. Using the 1$\sigma$ errors on the fit and extrapolating the 1$\sigma$ upper and lower limit of the fit, delivers a range in values for $V-I_{\rm C}$ of 0.3 mag. As to magnitude conversion, we directly compared $I_{\rm m}$ and $I_{\rm C}$ magnitudes of stars in common in the two surveys and found median values $I_{\rm C}$ - $I_{\rm m}$ = 0.03 and 0.06 for $I_{\rm m}-z$ lower and greater than 0.2 mag, respectively. The typical scatter is 0.05 mag.

As a check, 1) we estimated the expected $I_{\rm C}$ - $I_{\rm m}$ difference for stars of different temperatures based on the filter transmission curves and found that it increases from $\sim $0.03 mag at 6000 K to $\sim $0.06 mag at 3500 K; 2) we derived $V-I_{\rm C}$ colors from $V-I_{\rm K}$ colors published by Prosser (1993), employing the transformation of Bessel (1979); from these $V-I_{\rm C}$ colors and V magnitudes given in Prosser, we also estimated $I_{\rm C}$ magnitudes. We found a good agreement between magnitudes and colors estimated in this way and those obtained extrapolating from James photometry: namely, $\Delta$( $V-I_{\rm C}$) $_{\rm mean}=0.02 \pm 0.1$ mag and $\Delta$$I_{\rm C}$ $_{\rm mean}=0.1 \pm 0.28$ mag.

As mentioned in Sect. 1, the distance to IC 4665 is not accurately known with values ranging from 320 pc (Crawford & Barnes 1972) to 385+40=425 pc (Hoogerwerf et al. 2001). Without convincing evidence for a short or a long distance, we adopt a compromise between the two extremes, i.e. a distance of $370\pm50$ pc. We have also estimated our own distance to IC 4665 by comparing the photometry (V, B-V) of high mass stars in IC 4665 to the Pleiades and determining a vertical offset. By assuming a distance to the Pleiades of 133 pc and E(B-V)=0.03, the best matching of the two sequences is obtained with a distance to IC 4665 equal to 366 pc, very close to our adopted average.

Taking A($I_{\rm C}$) = 0.333 (from E(B-V)=0.18 - Hogg & Kron 1955 - and the extinction law of Dean et al. 1978), we obtain for stars #100 and #90 $M_{I_{\rm c}}=8.37$ and 8.57, respectively. Considering the average of the two values, we find that the LDB occurs at $M_{I_{\rm c}}=8.47^{+0.32}_{-0.28}\pm 0.10$ mag, where the first contribution to the error is due to uncertainty in distance and the second one reflects the uncertainty in the LDB determination. Clearly the error is dominated by the distance uncertainty.

Similarly, the brightest/faintest stars with/without Li in the $K_{\rm s}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$  diagram are #90 ($K_{\rm s}$ = 14.08) and #100 ($K_{\rm s}$ = 13.826). Assuming $A_{\rm K}=0.06$ mag, this yields an LDB at $K_{\rm s}$ = $6.05^{+0.32}_{-0.28}\pm 0.13$.

  \begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=8cm]{8226fig5a.ps}\includegraphics[width=8cm]{8226fig5b.ps}\end{figure} Figure 5: $I_{\rm m}$ vs. $I_{\rm m}-z$ ( left panel) and $K_{\rm s}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}- K_{\rm s}$ ( right panel) diagrams of the 38 likely cluster members with available photometry listed in Table 2. Filled and open symbols indicate stars with detected/undetected Li line, respectively. The two crossed circles denote stars with uncertain Li detection. The theoretical position of the boundary from Chabrier & Baraffe (1997) models for ages of 20, 30, and 40 Myr is also shown (see text), along with the 30 Myr isochrone. Note that, by definition, the LDB is actually just a point on the isochrone. What we show here, following Jeffries & Oliveira (2005), are constant luminosity curves, with the luminosity corresponding to the LDB luminosity at a given age. These curves are not flat since, for a given $M_{\rm bol}$, the bolometric correction changes with color ( $T_{\rm eff}$). To construct the curves, we estimated bolometric corrections for $I_{\rm m}$ and $K_{\rm s}$ as function of color from Baraffe et al. (1998) models.

3.3 The LDB age of IC 4665

The age of IC 4665 can now be determined using model calculations. Figure 6 displays the time variation of the absolute $I_{\rm c}$ and $K_{\rm s}$ magnitudes of a star which has depleted 99% of the initial Li abundance, according to the models of Chabrier & Baraffe (1997). The LDB age that we derive from the two diagrams for IC 4665 is very similar, namely $t_{\rm LDB}(M(I_{\rm c}))=28.4^{+4.2}_{-3.4}$ Myr and $t_{\rm LDB}(M(K_{\rm s}))=28.0^{+4.6}_{-3.8}$ Myr. Also shown in the figure are the LDBs for NGC 2547 and IC 2391. In Table 3 we summarize LDB magnitudes, ages, and masses for the three PMS clusters, and using different magnitudes. Ages and masses were determined using the models of Chabrier & Baraffe (1997); LDB magnitudes for IC 2391 and NGC 2547 were taken from Jeffries & Oliveira (2005). $M_{\rm bol}$(LDB) for IC 4665 was computed starting from $I_{\rm C}$ and $K_{\rm s}$ absolute magnitudes using the bolometric corrections (BCs) of Leggett et al. (1996) as a function of V-I and $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ colors. Those corrections were used by Jeffries & Oliveira (2005) and we assumed them for consistency; we found $M_{\rm bol}$($I_{\rm C}$) = 8.65 and $M_{\rm bol}$($K_{\rm s}$) = 8.84.

 

 
Table 3: Properties of the LDB in IC 4665, NGC 2547, and IC 2391. The upper part lists the absolute magnitudes of the LDB. The bottom part gives the age and mass of the LDB derived from the three values of the absolute magnitudes listed in the upper part, using the Chabrier & Baraffe (1997) models with $\alpha =1$. Errors are the quadratic sum of the uncertainty in distance and the uncertainty in the exact magnitude of the LDB.
  IC 4665 NGC 2547 IC 2391
$M_{I_{\rm c}}$ $\rm 8.47^{+0.33}_{-0.30}$ 9.33 $\pm$ 0.18 10.27 $\pm$ 0.14
$M_{K_{\rm s}}$ $\rm 6.05^{+0.34}_{-0.31}$ 6.74 $\pm$ 0.16 7.54 $\pm$ 0.14
$M_{\rm bol}$($I_{\rm C}$) = $M_{\rm bol1}$ $\rm 8.65^{+0.33}_{-0.30}$ 9.58 $\pm$ 0.16 10.34 $\pm$ 0.14
$M_{\rm bol}$($K_{\rm s}$) = $M_{\rm bol2}$ $\rm 8.84^{+0.34}_{-0.31}$    
LDB( $M_{\rm I_{\rm c}}$): t (Myr); M ($M_\odot$) $\rm 28.4^{+4.2}_{-3.4}$; 0.24 $\pm$ 0.04 35.4 $\pm$ 3.3; 0.17 $\pm$ 0.02 49.1 $\pm$ 4.9; 0.12 $\pm$ 0.01
LDB( $M_{\rm K_{\rm s}}$): t (Myr); M ($M_\odot$) $\rm 28.0^{+4.6}_{-3.8}$; 0.24 $\pm$ 0.04 34.4 $\pm$ 2.7; 0.17$\pm$0.02 50.4 $\pm$ 3.8; 0.12 $\pm$ 0.01
LDB( $M_{\rm bol1}$): t (Myr); M ($M_\odot$) $\rm 26.1^{+4.1}_{-3.4}$; 0.24 $\pm$ 0.04 35.0 $\pm$ 2.2; 0.17 $\pm$0.02 48.8 $\pm$ 3.5; 0.12 $\pm$ 0.01
LDB( $M_{\rm bol2}$): t (Myr); M ($M_\odot$) $\rm 28.3^{+4.0}_{-3.5}$; 0.24 $\pm$ 0.04    



  \begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8.5cm]{8226fig6a.ps}\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8.5cm]{8226fig6b.ps}\end{figure} Figure 6: Location of currently known LDB of PMS clusters in absolute $I_{\rm c}$( left) and $K_{\rm s}$ ( right) magnitudes with uncertainties (dotted lines). Clusters are ordered from young to old: IC 4665, NGC 2547, IC 2391. The solid curve shows the predictions of the LDB as a function of age from the evolutionary models of Chabrier & Baraffe (1997) with $\alpha =1$.

In the previous section and in Table 3 we considered only the uncertainty due to distance and LDB determination. However other sources of error are present: i. Uncertainty in the $I_{\rm m}$ to $I_{\rm C}$ conversion ($\sim $0.05 mag), that also reflects into $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$  colors and thus slightly affects BCs for $K_{\rm s}$ magnitudes ($\sim 0.01$ mag); ii. uncertainty in the $I_{\rm m}-z$ to $V-I_{\rm C}$ conversion ($\sim $0.3) mag, that affects BCs for $I_{\rm C}$ magnitudes (by $\sim $0.1 mag); iii. uncertainty in reddening, that should not be larger than 0.05 mag; iv. finally, the choice of the bolometric correction vs. color calibration. By using the calibrations of Bessel (1991) we would have obtained $\sim $0.07 brighter $M_{\rm bol}$ values. Each of these errors is at most of the same order of the uncertainty in the LDB determination and results in an error of about 1 Myr in the LDB age. Remarkably, LDB ages listed in Table 3 are all within 2.4 Myr. In particular, the LDB age from $I_{\rm C}$ magnitude is very similar to that from $K_{\rm s}$ magnitude, that is not affected by the error due to magnitude conversion. The average of the four values listed in Table 3 is 27.7$\pm 1.1$ Myr. On top of this, one has to consider the error due to use of different evolutionary models, which is of the order of 2 Myr, as shown by Jeffries & Oliveira (2005). Summarizing, our LDB age for IC 4665 is $27.7^{+4.2}_{-3.5} \pm 1.1 \pm 2$ Myr, where for the error due to distance and LDB determination we took the average of the errors given in Table 3.

With an LDB age of 27.7 Myr, IC 4665 is the youngest of the known PMS clusters. As to the LDB mass, from Table 3 we see that for IC 4465 the Chabrier & Baraffe (1997) models yield a value of M(LDB) = 0.24 $M_\odot$, independent of the choice of the absolute magnitude. As expected, this mass is above that of NGC 2547 (M(LDB) = 0.17 $M_\odot$) and IC 2391 (M(LDB) = 0.12 $M_\odot$).

4 Discussion

4.1 The age of IC 4665

As mentioned in Sect. 1, prior to our estimate, Mermilliod (1981) was the first to determine a nuclear age for IC 4665 and included it in the age group of 36 Myr, along with IC 2391. Later studies have found that the cluster could be almost as old as the Pleiades (Prosser 1993; Prosser & Giampapa 1994), although Prosser (1993) noted that the sequence of cluster candidates in the $I_{\rm K}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ diagram was suggestive of a rather young age. Our analysis confirms the young age, making IC 4665 the youngest cluster for which the LDB has been detected, and, equally important, allows us to firmly establish its PMS status. In addition, the LDB age matches the nuclear age. This is similar to the case of NGC 2547 (Jeffries & Oliveira 2005), but at variance with IC 2391, $\alpha $ Per, and the Pleiades where the age estimates differ by a factor $\sim $1.5.

Although there is no definite explanation for the discrepancy between the TO and LDB ages, the difference is usually interpreted as evidence for the occurrence of some convective core overshooting in high-mass stars that could lengthen the duration of the main sequence life time. The question then arises why a large difference between TO and LDB ages is instead not found for the two youngest clusters NGC 2547 and IC 4665. One possibility is indeed that the amount of overshooting in models of massive stars is a step function of TO mass, with more overshooting needed for lower TO masses of the older clusters. Still, it is puzzling that IC 2391 and IC 4665 were originally included in the same age group by Mermilliod (1981), based on the CM and color-color diagrams for high mass stars. We suggest that a careful re-analysis and comparison of the two cluster upper main sequence photometry and CM diagrams should be performed, taking into account the possible effects of binaries and rotation. This, along with use of updated stellar evolution models including overshooting, might provide insights on this issue.

4.2 Isochronal ages and comparison with other clusters

In Fig. 7 we compare the distribution of confirmed members of IC 4665, IC 2391, and NGC 2547 in the absolute $K_{\rm s}$ magnitude vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ diagram. The 20, 30, and 50 Myr isochrones and the predicted location of the LDB for different ages from Baraffe et al. (2002) are also shown, along with the ZAMS (solid line).

Comparison of isochrones and datapoints up to $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ $\sim $ 2.5 suggests an age between 20 and 30 Myr ($25\pm5$ Myr) for IC 4665 and NGC 2547, in excellent agreement with the LDB age of the former and slightly younger for the latter. At colors $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ $\ga$ 2.5 a larger scatter is present in both clusters, as well as a discrepancy between the data and the models. This discrepancy has already been noted by Jeffries & Oliveira (2005) for NGC 2547, who found that the $K_{\rm s}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ diagram gives an isochronal age smaller than optical diagrams. As a possible explanation, these authors note that model atmospheres of cool stars do not take into account the effect of spots, plages, and magnetic activity that could result in a significant amount of I-K excess (see also Stauffer et al. 2003). Interestingly, the effect of magnetic activity would explain not only the offset, but also the observed dispersion in the CM diagram. In this respect, we also mention the recent theoretical study by Chabrier et al. (2007), where an analysis of the effects of rotation and magnetic fields on the evolution of M dwarfs is presented. They show that rapid rotation and/or magnetic field inhibit convection, resulting in a reduced heat flow, and thus in larger radii and lower effective temperatures than for normal stars. As a consequence, the stars would appear younger in a color-magnitude diagram.


  \begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=0,width=7.2cm,clip]{8226fig7.ps}\end{figure} Figure 7: The distribution of confirmed members of IC 4665, NGC 2547, and IC 2391 in the $K_{\rm s}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ diagram. Filled and empty symbols represent stars of each clusters with and without lithium, respectively. The hatched squares are the loci of the predicted LDB at different ages, according to the models of Baraffe et al. (2002). Also shown are the 20 (dot-dash), 30 (dash), and 50 Myr (dotted) isochrones from the same models, along with the ZAMS (solid line). The light diagonal curves mark the position of the LDB in each cluster, as labeled.

As to IC 2391, its sequence generally lies below those of IC 4665 and NGC 2547, yielding an age $\sim $50 Myr in good agreement with the LDB age. Thus, we conclude that the overall distribution of cluster members shown in Fig. 7 indicates a smooth progression of increasing ages from IC 4665 to IC 2391.

5 Conclusions

We have obtained intermediate-resolution GIRAFFE spectra of 147 cluster candidate low-mass members of IC 4665. The spectra have been used to measure radial velocities and to establish the presence of the Li I 670.8 nm doublet and H$\alpha $ emission. Using these features as membership diagnostics, we have identified a subsample of 39 bona-fide cluster members with a mean radial velocity of $-15.95 \pm 1.13$ km s-1. From the distribution of these stars in the $I_{\rm m}$ vs. $I_{\rm m}-z$ and $K_{\rm s}$ vs. $I_{\rm C}-$$K_{\rm s}$ color-magnitude diagrams, a clear separation of stars with and without Li is found. From this boundary, an age of $27.7^{+4.2}_{-3.5} \pm 1.1 \pm 2$ Myr is deduced, making IC 4665 the youngest known PMS cluster with an LDB determination. The model-dependent mass of the boundary corresponds to $M_\ast=0.24 \pm 0.04$ $M_\odot$. Comparison of the LDB age with the standard TO age from Mermilliod (1981) and that inferred from isochrone fitting of the cluster low-mass sequence shows an excellent agreement, a result similar to that found in NGC 2547 by Jeffries & Oliveira (2005). This is at variance with the trend observed in older clusters (e.g., IC 2391, $\alpha $ Per, Pleiades) where the LDB age exceeds the TO nuclear age by a factor of $\sim $1.5.

The effort to find and characterize PMS clusters in the age range 5-50 Myr is being actively pursued by several groups and the first results are encouraging. In addition to the two similar clusters IC 4665 and NGC 2547 with age 25-35 Myr, two very young clusters have been found with ages $\sim $10 Myr, namely NGC 7160 (Sicilia-Aguilar et al. 2005) and NGC 2169 (Jeffries et al. 2007), as well as several young moving groups in the solar neighborhood (e.g., TW Hya, $\eta$ Cha, Cha-Near; see Zuckerman & Song 2004). Now, the next observational challenge is to fill in the age gap with clusters between $\sim $10 and 30 Myr to extend our knowledge on fundamental processes related to the early evolution of stars and circumstellar disks, as well as on star forming process and its duration.

Acknowledgements
We thank the ESO Paranal staff for performing the service mode observations. We thank the referee, Dr. J. Stauffer, for the very useful suggestions. We are grateful to Germano Sacco for providing help with the maximum likelihood analysis of radial velocities. This work has made extensive use of the services of WEBDA, ADS, CDS etc. WJDW is grateful for the warm hospitality and support of the Osservatorio di Arcetri. The research of F. Palla and S. Randich has been supported by an INAF grant on Young clusters as probes of star formation and early stellar evolution. We acknowledge the EC Grant MRTN-CT2006-035890.

References

 

  
6 Online Material


   
Table 1: The 147 candidate members of IC 4665 observed with FLAMES.
# $\alpha_{2000}$ $\delta_{2000}$ Ref. Name $I_{\rm m}$ z $V_{\rm rad}$ $\delta V_{\rm rad}$ Li H$\alpha $ Mem.
          (mag) (mag) (km s-1) (km s-1)      
1 17 44 45.015 +06 02 11.45 4 D.08.2.901 14.691 14.228 -41.0 0.8 N abs N
2 17 44 47.666 +06 01 52.78 1 P176 -- -- var -- N abs N
3 17 44 48.120 +06 02 01.22 3 D.08.2.877 15.350 14.731 -29.0 3.0 N em N
4 17 44 48.354 +05 55 13.39 3 B.05.30.194 17.461 16.764 var -- ? em ?
5 17 44 51.438 +05 49 53.39 1 P188 -- -- -15.0 3.0 N abs N
6 17 44 52.493 +05 48 35.43 1 P059 12.614 12.346 -14.7 1.0 Y abs Y
7 17 44 55.122 +05 49 40.43 1 P195 15.763 15.395 -47.0 3.0 N abs N
8 17 44 57.268 +05 47 20.14 3 A.00.30.2558 16.390 15.74 -24.0 4.0 N abs N
9 17 44 58.103 +05 51 32.93 1 P060 12.623 12.295 -15.0 1.0 Y abs Y
10 17 45 01.560 +05 56 22.32 1 P202 15.529 15.116 -66.7 1.4 N abs N
11 17 45 01.919 +05 51 55.58 1 P204 16.537 16.102 SB2 -- ? em ?
12 17 45 02.388 +06 07 32.45 4 D.09.2.1536 12.841 12.526 -57.1 2.1 Y abs N
13 17 45 03.655 +05 54 33.05 1 P206 13.674 13.319 13.4 1.0 N abs N
14 17 45 07.463 +05 50 59.39 1 P064 13.035 12.766 -53.6 0.6 N abs N
15 17 45 10.071 +05 49 21.50 1 P214 14.124 13.863 -55.3 0.4 N abs N
16 17 45 10.481 +05 46 17.38 1 P215 13.413 13.154 -14.6 1.0 Y abs Y
17 17 45 10.869 +05 47 57.40 1 P216 16.074 15.614 -61.7 3.0 N abs N
18 17 45 10.906 +05 56 06.81 1 P217 15.757 15.246 -66.0 2.0 N abs N
19 17 45 11.719 +05 45 25.30 1 P220 17.183 16.743 -- -- N abs N
20 17 45 12.935 +05 49 50.54 1 P065 12.440 12.17 var -- Y abs Y?
21 17 45 13.301 +05 55 34.93 1 P222 13.651 13.312 -41.7 1.1 N abs N
22 17 45 14.971 +05 49 42.24 1 P067 13.912 13.66 57.2 1.5 N abs N
23 17 45 15.190 +06 07 44.77 3 D.09.30.3076 16.975 16.316 -47.0 4.0 Y em N
24 17 45 16.699 +05 53 56.41 1 P227 15.439 15.012 -11.0 2.0 N abs N
25 17 45 18.453 +05 44 58.84 1 GPF98-R05 17.265 16.639 -7.0 3.0 N em N
26 17 45 19.395 +05 47 40.13 1 P071 12.696 12.493 -15.3 1.3 Y abs Y
27 17 45 19.980 +05 46 29.53 1 P232 14.147 13.804 -15.1 1.2 N em Y
28 17 45 20.486 +05 53 20.74 1 P233 16.074 15.501 -15.8 2.0 N em Y
29 17 45 20.867 +05 54 27.68 4 A.00.2.270 12.761 12.483 -37.7 1.5 N abs N
30 17 45 22.039 +05 58 25.67 4 D.09.2.377 12.823 12.528 28.3 1.5 N abs N
31 17 45 23.174 +05 57 06.51 1 P238 16.928 16.314 -14.0 4.0 ? em Y?
32 17 45 24.851 +06 00 07.91 3 D.09.30.1207 16.486 15.841 -69.0 4.0 N abs N
33 17 45 25.078 +05 51 38.75 1 P075 12.697 12.492 -15.8 1.5 Y abs Y
34 17 45 29.077 +05 45 09.24 3 A.01.30.3322 17.716 16.964 -- -- N abs N
35 17 45 30.051 +05 48 49.04 2 P242 15.139 14.719 25.6 1.0 N abs N
36 17 45 30.139 +05 47 07.46 3 A.01.2.1244 14.913 14.405 -15.0 2.0 N abs N
37 17 45 30.454 +05 58 22.28 4 D.10.2.409 12.883 12.595 22.0 1.8 N abs N
38 17 45 33.091 +05 46 24.35 1 P155 12.488 12.111 -46.0 1.0 N abs N
39 17 45 35.903 +05 49 04.33 1 P250 13.513 13.25 -68.0 1.5 N abs N
40 17 45 37.654 +05 53 53.40 1 P155 12.830 12.515 71.7 1.0 N abs N
41 17 45 37.837 +05 45 33.41 1 P251 15.201 14.861 var -- N abs N
42 17 45 38.302 +05 44 44.30 1 P253 16.226 15.812 -11.0 2.0 N abs N
43 17 45 39.968 +05 45 16.25 1 P258 -- -- -- -- N abs N
44 17 45 41.023 +05 54 23.47 1 P260 15.378 15.005 -14.8 2.0 N abs N
44 17 45 42.415 +05 55 41.13 4 D.10.2.38 13.177 12.837 -2.8 1.5 N abs N
46 17 45 43.521 +05 55 56.46 1 P262 17.152 16.624 -- -- N abs N
47 17 45 44.987 +05 49 51.57 9 LB-3885 17.059 16.943 70.0 4.0 N abs N
48 17 45 56.008 +05 52 45.17 1 P272 16.570 16.069 SB2 -- N abs N
49 17 45 56.492 +05 48 44.64 1 K057 -- -- var -- N abs N
50 17 45 56.733 +05 52 24.04 1 P273 14.505 14.135 6.1 1.0 N abs N
51 17 45 59.539 +05 50 45.52 1 P276 13.654 13.395 16.0 1.5 Y abs N
52 17 45 59.912 +05 36 18.05 1 P277 16.098 15.649 -25.0 2.0 N abs N
53 17 46 01.560 +05 37 11.58 1 P278 15.458 15.101 10.0 1.0 N abs N
54 17 46 01.604 +05 36 52.79 2 P279 15.155 14.695 20.0 1.0 N abs N
55 17 46 03.252 +05 33 12.58 1 P283 15.474 14.987 -19.6 3.0 N em Y?
56 17 46 03.384 +05 50 57.51 1 P284 16.435 15.935 -38.0 3.0 N em N
57 17 46 03.508 +05 49 42.63 2 P285 15.813 15.335 -47.0 4.0 N abs N
58 17 46 05.764 +05 41 54.62 2 P286 15.442 15.008 -110.0 4.0 N abs N
59 17 46 09.712 +05 40 58.13 1 P290 13.443 13.134 var/SB2 -- Y abs/em Y?
60 17 46 10.312 +05 30 56.34 3 A.08.30.655 16.940 16.241 -16.0 4.0 Y em Y
61 17 46 10.811 +05 42 21.47 1 P292 -- -- 20.0 10.0 N abs N
62 17 46 11.975 +05 41 25.85 1 P100 13.074 12.841 -16.9 0.6 Y em Y
63 17 46 12.634 +05 38 54.72 1 P296 13.940 13.642 -7.5 0.4 N abs N
64 17 46 13.813 +05 30 21.42 2 P298 16.203 15.681 -21.0 4.0 N abs N
65 17 46 14.048 +05 36 17.15 1 P300 16.916 16.365 -34.0 2.0 N abs N
66 17 46 15.183 +05 29 25.29 1 P101 12.761 12.359 -72.1 0.7 N abs N
67 17 46 15.234 +05 33 51.83 1 P303 15.542 15.110 -16.0 2.0 N abs N
68 17 46 17.791 +05 45 08.95 1 P306 13.344 13.068 28.8 0.5 N abs N
69 17 46 18.999 +05 46 20.37 1 P309 -- -- -16.0 1.0 N em Y
70 17 46 20.068 +05 45 00.19 1 P311 16.226 15.747 -170 10 N abs N
71 17 46 21.270 +05 29 14.80 2 P313 16.736 15.995 var -- Y em Y?
72 17 46 23.313 +05 37 17.87 2 P315 14.876 14.398 var -- N em Y?
73 17 46 23.892 +05 47 26.94 1 P317 14.151 13.804 6.4 0.7 N abs N
74 17 46 24.778 +05 35 38.13 1 P108 12.718 12.542 -16.0 3.0 Y abs Y
75 17 46 27.231 +05 29 28.57 2 P320 16.096 15.559 20.0 5.0 N em N
76 17 46 28.403 +05 40 18.02 1 P322 13.858 13.598 35.5 0.6 N abs N
77 17 46 28.923 +05 33 45.03 1 P323 15.650 15.290 -25.4 0.8 N abs N
78 17 46 29.136 +05 31 19.95 1 P113 13.421 13.174 -3.9 0.7 N abs N
79 17 46 29.480 +05 28 45.69 1 P326 13.672 13.303 -54.1 0.9 N abs N
80 17 46 30.256 +05 30 32.08 1 P328 14.353 14.044 -4.8 0.6 N abs N
81 17 46 30.476 +05 29 13.98 1 P329 15.589 15.162 SB2 -- N abs N
82 17 46 31.736 +05 28 35.03 3 A.09.30.47 15.940 15.291 -17.5 6.0 N em Y
83 17 46 33.977 +05 40 54.06 1 P331 13.705 13.449 -17.4 0.5 N abs Y
84 17 46 34.512 +05 48 53.10 1 P332 13.231 12.979 10.1 1.2 N abs N
85 17 46 34.731 +05 33 33.56 2 P333 16.706 16.069 -17.0 3.0 Y em Y
86 17 46 35.156 +05 26 28.85 1 P334 -- -- -43.0 2.0 N abs N
87 17 46 35.303 +05 36 10.62 2 P335 15.902 15.318 -12.0 6.0 N em Y?
88 17 46 35.530 +05 31 07.58 2 P336 14.910 14.443 -18.0 1.0 N em Y
89 17 46 37.712 +05 40 06.38 1 P337 16.568 16.105 5.0 1.0 N abs N
90 17 46 38.379 +05 35 48.63 2 P338 16.685 16.100 -17.0 4.0 Y em Y
91 17 46 40.649 +05 28 54.13 1 P339 13.822 13.455 52.6 0.6 N abs N
92 17 46 40.649 +05 40 19.82 1 P341 16.819 16.329 -43.0 2.0 N abs N
93 17 46 40.811 +05 28 21.36 3 A.09.30.14 16.840 16.118 -13.6 2.0 ? em Y?
94 17 46 40.906 +05 49 02.67 1 P344 16.650 16.047 -16.0 2.0 Y? em Y
95 17 46 41.001 +05 44 18.42 1 P343 15.228 14.778 -15.0 4.0 N em Y
96 17 46 42.209 +05 33 41.98 1 P346 13.988 13.715 -82.8 0.4 N abs N
97 17 46 43.323 +05 35 14.01 1 P347 14.768 14.407 27.0 1.0 N abs N
98 17 46 43.770 +05 30 07.65 1 P348 15.741 15.177 -17.0 1.0 N em Y
99 17 46 45.146 +05 26 58.24 1 P349 13.306 13.043 119.8 0.7 Y abs N
100 17 46 45.359 +05 45 06.06 2 P350 16.475 15.854 -13.4 3.0 N em Y
101 17 46 46.337 +05 37 09.58 9 LB3900 17.270 17.018 -43.0 1.0 N abs N
102 17 46 46.575 +05 35 06.85 1 P352 13.325 13.108 43.2 0.5 N abs N
103 17 46 46.736 +05 49 09.35 1 P119 12.807 12.526 -42.9 0.7 N abs N
104 17 46 46.831 +05 47 05.15 1 P120 13.251 12.965 10.4 0.6 N abs N
105 17 46 47.622 +05 31 38.05 2 P354 15.278 14.800 -16.0 3.0 N em Y
106 17 46 48.113 +05 47 58.74 1 P121 -- -- 84.0 2.6 N abs N
107 17 46 48.743 +05 43 00.62 1 P122 13.803 13.504 -4.8 2.3 N abs N
108 17 46 48.823 +05 41 59.01 2 P359 16.276 15.757 -38.0 4.0 N abs N
109 17 46 48.970 +05 48 54.98 1 P360 15.853 15.451 -35.0 1.0 N abs N
110 17 46 50.237 +05 36 41.06 1 P362 15.785 15.41 -56.0 3.0 N em N
111 17 46 51.848 +05 31 27.73 1 P364 16.027 15.614 -79.0 1.0 N abs N
112 17 46 52.200 +05 32 36.92 1 P123 14.059 13.780 49.9 0.4 N abs N
113 17 46 53.013 +05 32 47.02 1 P366 14.083 13.799 -83.3 0.6 N abs N
114 17 46 54.082 +05 31 26.18 1 P367 17.898 17.292 -65.0 4.0 N abs N
115 17 46 54.719 +05 41 59.74 3 A.10.30.3980 17.854 17.108 var - ? em ?
116 17 46 54.990 +05 37 45.17 1 P126 13.465 13.149 101 0.8 N abs N
117 17 46 55.159 +05 41 12.70 2 P369 16.322 15.715 -37.0 3.0 N em N
118 17 46 55.620 +05 30 29.42 2 P370 15.412 14.962 6.0 4.0 N abs N
119 17 46 56.016 +05 38 34.99 2 P372 16.608 16.028 -18.0 4.0 Y? em Y
120 17 46 56.418 +05 47 44.62 1 P374 14.554 14.155 -16.2 0.8 N em Y
121 17 46 56.638 +05 36 07.30 2 P373 16.169 15.537 -16.0 2.0 N em Y
122 17 46 58.696 +05 47 26.03 1 P375 13.377 13.111 -3.5 0.8 N abs N
123 17 46 59.033 +05 45 44.77 3 A.04.2.1503 14.966 14.422 -51.0 3.0 N abs N
124 17 46 59.319 +05 30 10.30 1 P129 12.509 12.149 -116.9 0.6 N abs N
125 17 47 00.227 +05 30 29.04 1 P377 13.680 13.403 -17.0 2.0 Y abs Y
126 17 47 01.787 +05 45 22.94 1 P379 16.281 15.799 -13.0 2.0 N abs N
127 17 47 01.912 +05 30 45.41 2 P378 17.119 16.568 -- -- N abs N
128 17 47 03.098 +05 34 46.35 2 P380 16.116 15.544 -17.1 2.0 N em Y
129 17 47 05.288 +05 43 31.34 1 P132 12.882 12.612 -15.1 0.6 N abs N
130 17 47 06.467 +05 28 04.14 1 P382 13.829 13.587 -2.6 0.5 N abs N
131 17 47 07.595 +05 36 14.70 1 P383 14.467 14.221 25.0 1.0 N abs N
132 17 47 08.518 +05 37 37.65 4 A.10.2.1392 13.025 12.744 -113.3 0.8 N abs N
133 17 47 09.902 +05 28 13.37 1 P385 17.043 16.116 -- -- N abs N
134 17 47 09.961 +05 43 14.06 2 P387 15.674 15.239 -34.0 1.0 N abs N
135 17 47 09.968 +05 29 06.42 1 P386 14.712 14.175 -30.8 0.7 N abs N
136 17 47 11.030 +05 39 55.98 1 P390 13.596 13.324 61.1 0.6 N abs N
137 17 47 11.660 +05 33 09.98 3 A.10.30.1418 17.250 16.598 var -- ? em ?
138 17 47 11.865 +05 29 24.78 3 A.10.30.316 16.236 15.566 -21.0 3.0 N em Y?
139 17 47 12.028 +05 43 00.54 9 IRAS17447+054 -- -- SB2? -- N abs N
140 17 47 12.480 +05 36 33.85 1 P137 13.058 12.713 67.8 0.9 N abs N
141 17 47 12.532 +05 42 14.95 1 P394 -- -- -16.0 2.0 N abs N
142 17 47 16.282 +05 29 49.50 1 P396 13.844 13.457 -16.9 0.4 N abs Y
143 17 47 17.197 +05 31 24.08 4 A.11.2.358 12.509 12.204 33.7 0.5 N abs N
144 17 47 19.490 +05 44 47.38 3 A.05.30.3622 17.248 16.547 -16.0 3.0 Y em Y
145 17 47 19.497 +05 30 41.39 2 P398 15.373 14.789 -17.7 3.0 N em Y
146 17 47 19.636 +05 43 40.74 1 P399 16.290 15.745 -34.0 3.0 N em N
147 17 47 20.010 +05 46 53.71 2 P400 15.269 14.815 -16.2 2.4 N em Y


Copyright ESO 2008