All Figures

Figure 1: Top: H image (courtesy of William McLaughlin). Overlaid are white contours (20%, 60%, and 80%) of 12CO 10 line emission from the CfA (Center for Astrophysics) survey (Dame et al. 1987). The prominent H  II regions North America nebula NGC 7000 and Pelican nebula IC 5070 (together known as W80) and IC 1318 b/c are indicated. The large-scale extinction feature across the whole Cygnus X region ("the Great Rift'') is designated as well. Bottom: extinction map obtained from near-infrared 2MASS data, expressed as visual extinction: from 1 (white) to 32 (black) magnitudes. Overlaid are black contours (10% to 90% of maximum intensity 39.7 K km s-1 in steps of 20%) of 12CO 10 line integrated (-10 to 20 km s-1) emission from the CfA survey. The black ellipses represent the extent of the OB clusters (taken from Uyaniker et al. 2001). Small numbered circles denote the positions of radio continuum sources (DR4 to 23) as identified by Downes & Rinehart (1966). The area that will be shown in more detail in the mid-IR (Figs. 7 to 9), including the regions mapped with KOSMA, is marked by a black dashed rectangle. The largest Lynds (1962) dark clouds are indicated in white letters.

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In the text

Figure 2: Line integrated (v=-10 to 20 km s-1) 13CO 21 emission from Cygnus X as observed with KOSMA in grey scale. Contour lines are drawn from 9 to 45 in steps of 18 (black) and 63 to 153 in steps of 30 (white) with 3  K km s-1. Black triangles mark the position of radio sources, stars the brightest members of Cygnus OB2, and the dashed circle the approximate extent of the OB 2 cluster (Uyaniker et al. 2001). In the upper right corner, we reproduce the extinction map of Fig. 1 in Galactic coordinates and indicate the 13CO 21 mapping region.

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In the text

Figure 3: Channel maps of 13CO 21 emission with a step size of 1.3 km s-1 in the CygX-North region are shown. The lowest contour is the 6 level and contours go then in 6 steps. Triangles mark the positions of the H  II regions DR17 to DR23. These sources are labeled only in the relevant velocity interval. Prominent features (filaments, globules, etc.) mentioned in the text are denoted by arrows. The dashed circle in the first and last channel shows the extent of the OB 2 association.

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In the text

	Figure 4: The spatially-averaged spectrum of 13CO 21 emission is displayed in grey. Single 13CO 21 spectra taken from the DR21 and W75N regions (reduced by a factor of 30 and 20, respectively) are shown as a straight and dashed line. The main velocity ranges with 13CO emission are indicated and labeled.
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In the text

Figure 5: Channel maps of 13CO 21 emission with a step size of 1.4 km s-1 in the CygX-South region are shown. The lowest contour is the9 level and contours go then in 6 steps. Triangles mark the positions of the H  II regions DR4 to DR15. These sources are labeled only in the relevant velocity interval. The cross indicates the center of the OB 2 cluster. The dashed circle in the first and last channel shows the extent ofthe OB 2 association. Prominent features mentioned in the text are denoted by arrows.

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In the text

	Figure 6: Spatially-averaged spectrum of 13CO 21 emission (grey) together with single 13CO 21 spectra taken from the DR15 and DR13 regions (straight and dashed line, both reduced by a factor of 15). The main velocity ranges with 13CO emission are indicated and labeled.
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In the text

Figure 7: Overlay of 13CO 21 emission (contours) on 8 m emission (MSX). The grey(color) scale goes from 0 to  W m2 sr. The velocity ranges for the CygX-North region and CygX-South region are slightly different (-10 to 1 km s-1 and -10 to -3 km s-1). A vertical dashed line indicates the border between the two regions. Contours go from 2.5 to 15 K km s-1 in steps of 2.5 K km s-1(indicated as 2.5/15/2.5 K km s-1 from now on) and 17.5/42.5/5 K km s-1 for the CygX-North region and 1.5/4.5/1.5 K km s-1 and 6/24/3 for the CygX-South region. The small-dotted polygon marks the extent of KOSMA mapping. The grey ellipses characterize the extent of the OB clusters OB 2 and 9, and the stars give the positions of the most massive members of OB 2. Small circles with numbers indicate the H  II regions DR4 to DR23. The long-dashed polygon outlines IC 1318 b/c and the circle the SNR 78.2+2.1 and the cross its center.

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In the text

Figure 8: The same as Fig. 7, but in the velocity range 1 to 6 km s-1 (CygX-North) and -3 to 3 km s-1(CygX-South). Contours: 1.5/6/1.5 K km s-1 and 7.5/37.5/3 K km s-1for CygX-North and 1.5/6/1.5 K km s-1 and 7.5/25.5/3 K km s-1for CygX-South. The white (blue) cross indicates the position of FIR1 (Odenwald et al. 1990), and the white (green) crosses the location of two Infrared Dark Clouds (Egan et al. 1998).

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In the text

Figure 9: The same as Fig. 7, but in the velocity range 6 to 20 K km s-1 (CygX-North) and 3 to 20 K km s-1(IC 13818 b/c). Contours: 2.5/12.5/2.5 K km s-1 and 15/40/5 K km s-1 for CygX-North and 2/10/2 K km s-1 and 12/24/4 K km s-1for CygX-South. White (blue) crosses indicate the position of FIR1 and FIR2 (Odenwald et al. 1990). The black (green) dashed half-circle close to DR17N indicates the DR17 loop.

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In the text

Figure 10: Position-velocity cut in 13CO 21 averaged over Galactic latitudes -1 to 2. Maps of 13CO emission in the whole Cygnus X region in Galactic coordinates are found in Figs. 7 to 9. The minor axis of the dotted ellipse is defined by the highest and lowest velocities of globules (13 km s-1 and -11 km s-1) symmetrically around +1 km s-1. The major axis is given by the diameter of the OB2 cluster (2, Knödelseder et al. 2000). The center is defined by the longitude of the OB2 cluster center (80.12, Knödelseder et al. 2000) and by 1 km s-1 in velocity space (see above). The dashed line indicated the possible velocity component of the Cygnus Rift, considering a distance of 800 pc and using the Galactic rotation curve.

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In the text

Figure A.1: Line-integrated (v=-10 to 20 km s-1) 13CO 32 emission from the CygX-North region as observed with KOSMA. Contour lines are drawn in black from 3 to 57 in steps of 9 and in white from 60 to 87 in steps of 9 with 3  K km s-1.


In the text

Figure A.2: Line-integrated (v=-10 to 20 km s-1) 12CO 32 emission from the CygX-South region as observed with KOSMA. Contour lines are drawn in black from 15 to 75 in steps of 12 with  K km s-1.


In the text

Figure B.1: Velocity-integrated 13CO 21 maps of the DR17 and DR17N regions in Cygnus X. Two velocity ranges are shown (one in grey scale and light contours and one with grey to black contours). The level notation is start/end/step with the values in K km s-1. All contours start at the 3 level. Dashed (blue) contours indicate the 25% maximum intensity level of a clump for the mass determination. Individual clumps are numbered according to Tables C.1 and C.2. Known IR-clusters are indicated by circles (size given by Le Duigou & Knödlseder 2002) and IRAS and MSX sources by stars.


In the text

Figure B.2: The same as Fig. B.1 but for the sources DR18 and DR20.


In the text

Figure B.3: The same as Fig. B.1 but for the sources DR21/W75N, DR22, and DR23. Due to confusion, the two main velocity ranges of the CygX-North region are shown separately.


In the text

Figure B.4: The same as Fig. B.1 but for the sources DR4, DR6, and DR7.


In the text

Figure B.5: The same as Fig. B.1 but for the sources AFGL2591, DR9, and DR5.


In the text

Figure B.6: The same as Fig. B.1 but for the sources DR12, DR13, and DR15.


In the text

Figure C.1: Virial parameter as a function of mass, plotted for the clumps found in Cygnus X. The different symbols allow us to distinguish between clumps of all regions, i.e. DR17-23 in CygX-North and DR4-DR15 and AFGL2591 in CygX-South. Clumps with log are in gravitational virial equilibrium.


In the text

Figure C.2: Variation in radius, mass, average H2-density ( ), and line width () of the clumps found in the 13CO Cygnus X survey with distance to the Cyg OB2 cluster. The data are shown in bins of 10, the error bars indicate standard deviation.


In the text