Table A.1: The effect of different environmental parameters on the differential refraction. The effects of changes in the atmospheric parameters on the differential refraction are shown using our observations of the Lockman hole with Keck. As a reference point, 2.5 $^\circ $C temperature, 61.5 kPa ambient pressure, 40% relative humidity and 450 ppm CO2 concentration is used. The effect of changing one of these four parameters (while keeping the other three at the nominal value) is shown below. Only the differential refraction for 3500 Å is shown, $\Delta R(3500~\hbox{\AA})$ in arc seconds. The hour angle is 18 h.

Parameter change
$\Delta R(3500~\hbox{\AA})$
nominal 4.53
t=-10 $^\circ $C 4.75
t=20 $^\circ $C 4.27
p=30 kPa 2.21
p=100 kPa 7.37
${\rm RH}=0$% 4.53
${\rm RH}=90$% 4.54
$x_{\rm c}=300$ ppm 4.53
$x_{\rm c}=500$ ppm 4.53

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