References

 

• Angel, J. R. P., Cheng, A. Y. S., & Woolf, N. J. 1986, Nature, 322, 341 NASA ADS  
• Atreya, S. K., & Gu, Z. G. 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13 133  
• Baragiola, R., & Bahr, D. A. 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25 865  
• Barker, E. S. 1972, Nature, 238, 447  
• Barth, C. A., Hord, C. W., Stewart, A. I., et al. 1973, Science, 179, 795 NASA ADS  
• Beichman, C. A., Woolf, N. J., & Lindensmith, C. A. (eds.), 1999, The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF): a NASA Origins program to search for habitable planets (JPL Publications)  
• Berk, A., Bernstein, L. S., & Robertson, D. C. 1989, MODTRAN: A MODerate resolution for LOWTRAN 7, Technical report, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Bedford, Mass  
• Bjoraker, G. L., Mumma, M. J., & Larson, H. P. 1989, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc., 21, 990 NASA ADS  
• Borucki, W. J., Koch, D. G., Dunham, E. W., & Jenkins, J. M. 1997, in Planets Beyond the solar system and the Next Generation of Space Missions, ASP Conf. Ser., 119, 153  
• Bracewell, R. N., 1978, Nature, 274, 780 NASA ADS  
• Canuto, V. M., Levine, J. S., Augustsson, T. R., & Imhoff, C. L. 1982, Nature, 296, 816 NASA ADS  
• Carleton, N. P. & Traub, W. A. 1972, Science, 177, 988  
• Carr, M. H. 1983, Icarus, 56, 476 NASA ADS  
• Carr, M. H. 1986, Icarus, 68, 187 NASA ADS  
• Charbonneau, D., Brown, T. M., Latham, D. W., & Mayor, M. 2000, ApJ, 529, L45 NASA ADS  
• Charbonneau, D., Brown, T. M., Noyes, R. W., & Gilliland, R. L. 2001, ApJ, accepted  
• Clancy, R. T., Grossman, A. W., & Muhleman, D. O. 1992, Icarus, 100, 48 NASA ADS  
• Clancy, R. T., Wolff, M. J., & James, P. B. 1999, Icarus, 138, 49 NASA ADS  
• Coakley, J. A. 1977, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1402  
• Commeyras, A., Collet, H., Boiteau, L., et al. 2002, Polymer Int., submitted  
• Connes, P., Noxon, J. F., Traub, W. A., & Carleton, N. P. 1979, ApJ, 233, L29 NASA ADS  
• Dauphas, N., Robert, F., & Marty, B. 2000, Icarus, 148, 508 NASA ADS  
• Deeg, H. J., Favata, F., Penny, A., and Eddington Science Team 2000, in IAU Symp., 202, E108  
• DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., et al. 1997 (JPL Publications)  
• Dobrijevic, M., & Parisot, J. P. 1998, Planet. Space Sci., 46, 491  
• Espenak, F., Mumma, M. J., Kostiuk, T., & Zipoy, D. 1991, Icarus, 92, 252 NASA ADS  
• Feuchtgruber, H., Lellouch, E., de Graauw, T., et al. 1997, Nature, 389, 159 NASA ADS  
• Floyd, L. E., Reiser, P. A., Crane, P. C., et al. 1998, Sol. Phys., 177, 79 NASA ADS  
• Forget, F., & Pierrehumbert, R. T. 1997, Science, 278, 1273 NASA ADS  
• Galimov, E. M. 2000, Icarus, 147, 472 NASA ADS  
• Gough, D. O. 1981, Sol. Phys., 74, 21 NASA ADS  
• Greenberg, J. M. 2000, Earth, Moon, Planets, 82-83, 313 NASA ADS  
• Habing, H. J., Dominik, C., Jourdain de Muizon, M., et al. 1999, Nature, 401, 456 NASA ADS  
• Hall, D. T., Feldman, P. D., McGrath, M. A., & Strobel, D. F. 1998, ApJ, 499, 475 NASA ADS  
• Hall, D. T., Strobel, D. F., Feldman, P. D., McGrath, M. A., & Weaver, H. A. 1995, Nature, 373, 677 NASA ADS  
• Hoffman, N. 2000, Icarus, 146, 326 NASA ADS  
• Holland, H. D. 1994, in Early life on Earth, Nobel Symp., No. 84, 237  
• Isaksen, I. S. A., Midtbo, K. H., Sunde, J., & Crutzen, P. J. 1977, Geophys. Norveg., 31, 11 NASA ADS  
• Johnson, R. E. 1990, Energetic Charged-Particle Interactions with Atmospheres and Surfaces, Energetic Charged-Particle Interactions with Atmospheres and Surfaces (Springer-Verlag Berlin)  
• Johnson, R. E. 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14 179  
• Johnson, R. E., & Jesser, W. A. 1997, ApJ, 480, L79 NASA ADS  
• Kahn, R. 1985, Icarus, 62, 175 NASA ADS  
• Kass, D. M., & Yung, Y. L. 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3653 NASA ADS  
• Kasting, J. F. 1988, Icarus, 74, 472 NASA ADS  
• Kasting, J. F. 1993, Science, 259, 920 NASA ADS  
• Kasting, J. F. 1995, Planet. Space Sci., 43, 11  
• Kasting, J. F., Pollack, J. B., & Crisp, D. 1984, J. Atmos. Chem., 1, 403 NASA ADS  
• Kasting, J. F., Whitmire, D. P., & Reynolds, R. T. 1993, Icarus, 101, 108 NASA ADS  
• Krasnopolskii, V. A., Krysko, A. A., Rogachev, V. N., & Parshev, V. A. 1976, Cosmic Res., 14, 789 NASA ADS  
• Krasnopolsky, V. A. 1993, Icarus, 101, 313 NASA ADS  
• Krasnopolsky, V. A., & Zahn, U. V. 1986, Photochemistry of the Atmospheres of Mars and Venus (Springer-Verlag)  
• Le flochmoën, E. 1997, Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Bordeaux I  
• Léger, A., Mariotti, J. M., Mennesson, B., et al. 1996, Icarus, 123, 249 NASA ADS  
• Léger, A., Ollivier, M., Altwegg, K., & Woolf, N. J. 1999, A&A, 341, 304 NASA ADS  
• Léger, A., Pirre, M., & Marceau, F. J. 1993, A&A, 277, 309 NASA ADS  
• Lezeaux, O. 1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Université Bordeaux I  
• Lindner, B. L. 1985, Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado Univ., Boulder  
• Love, S. G., & Brownlee, D. E. 1993, Science, 262, 550 NASA ADS  
• Maurette, M. 1998, Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, 28, 385 NASA ADS  
• Maurette, M., Duprat, J., Engrand, C., et al. 2000, Planet. Space Sci., 48, 1117  
• Mayor, M., & Queloz, D. 1995, Nature, 378, 355 NASA ADS  
• McKay, C. P., Toon, O. B., & Kasting, J. F. 1991, Nature, 352, 489 NASA ADS  
• Mills, F. P. 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30 757  
• Mojzsis, S. J., Arrhenius, G., McKeegan, K. D., et al. 1996, Nature, 384, 55  
• Mojzsis, S. J., Harrison, T. M., & Pidgeon, R. T. 2001, Nature, 409, 178 NASA ADS  
• Nair, H., Allen, M., Anbar, A. D., Yung, Y. L., & Clancy, R. T. 1994, Icarus, 111, 124 NASA ADS  
• Navarro-Gonzalez, R., Molina, M. J., & Molina, L. T. 1998, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3123 NASA ADS  
• Nisenson, P., & Papaliolios, C. 2001, ApJ, 548, L201 NASA ADS  
• Noll, K. S., Johnson, R. E., Lane, A. L., Domingue, D. L., & Weaver, H. A. 1996, Science, 273, 341 NASA ADS  
• Noll, K. S., Roush, T. L., Cruikshank, D. P., Johnson, R. E., & Pendleton, Y. J. 1997, Nature, 388, 45 NASA ADS  
• Noxon, J. F., Traub, W. A., Carleton, N. P., & Connes, P. 1976, ApJ, 207, 1025 NASA ADS  
• Ollivier, J. L., Dobrijévic, M., & Parisot, J. P. 2000, Planet. Space Sci., 48, 699  
• Ollivier, M. 1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Paris XI  
• Owen, T. 1980, in Strategies for the search for life in the Universe, ed. M. Papagiannis (Reidel)  
• Owen, T., Biemann, K., Biller, J. E., et al. 1977, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4635 NASA ADS  
• Oyama, V. I., Carle, G. C., Woeller, F., et al. 1980, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 7891 NASA ADS  
• Paetzold, H. K. 1962, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège, 452  
• Pavlov, A. A., Kasting, J. F., Brown, L. L., Rages, K. A., & Freedman, R. 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11 981  
• Pollack, J. B., Kasting, J. F., Richardson, S. M., & Poliakoff, K. 1987, Icarus, 71, 203 NASA ADS  
• Rasool, S. I., & De Bergh, C. 1970, Nature, 226, 1037 NASA ADS  
• Rees, D., Barnett, J. J., & Labitzke, K. (eds.) 1990, COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA): 1986, Part II: Middle Atmosphere Models (Pergamon Press, Oxford)  
• Rosenqvist, J., & Chassefiere, E. 1995, Planet. Space Sci., 43, 3  
• Rosing, M. T. 1999, Science, 674  
• Rouan, D., Baglin, A., Copet, E., et al. 1998, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 81, 79 NASA ADS  
• Rye, R., Kuo, P. H., & Holland, H. 1995, Nature, 378, 603 NASA ADS  
• Sagan, C., & Mullen, G. 1972, Science, 177, 52  
• Sagan, C., Thompson, W. R., Carlson, R., Gurnett, D., & Hord, C. 1993, Nature, 365, 715 NASA ADS  
• Schindler, T. L., & Kasting, J. F. 2000, Icarus, 145, 262 NASA ADS  
• Seiff, A. 1982, Advances in Space Res., 2, 3 NASA ADS  
• Selsis, F. 2000a, in DARWIN and Astronomy - The Infrared Space Interferometer, Stockholm, Sweden, 17-19 Nov. 1999 (ESA SP-451, May 2000), 133  
• Selsis, F. 2000b, Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Bordeaux I, available at anonymous server alienor.observ.u-bordeaux.fr/pub/selsis/selsis.pdf  
• Selsis, F. 2002, ASP Conf. Ser., in press  
• Slanger, T. G., Cosby, P. C., Huestis, D. L., & Bida, T. A. 2001, Science, 291, 463 NASA ADS  
• Sleep, N. H., & Zahnle, K. 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1373 NASA ADS  
• Spencer, J. R., Calvin, W. M., & Person, M. J. 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19049  
• Toublanc, D., Parisot, J.-P., Brillet, J., Gautier, D., Raulin, F., & McKay, C. 1995, Icarus, 113, 2 NASA ADS  
• Traub, W. A., & Carleton, N. P. 1974, in Exploration of the Planetary System, IAU Symp., 65, 223  
• Traub, W. A., Carleton, N. P., Connes, P., & Noxon, J. F. 1979, ApJ, 229, 846 NASA ADS  
• Trauger, J. T., & Lunine, J. I. 1983, Icarus, 55, 272 NASA ADS  
• Tsang, W., & Hampson, R. 1986, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1087 NASA ADS  
• Volonte, S., Laurance, R., Whitcomb, G., et al. 2000, Darwin: the Infrared space interferometer, Technical report, ESA  
• von Zahn, U., Kumar, S., Niemann, H., & Prinn, R. 1983, Composition of the Venus atmosphere, Venus  
• Walker, J. C. G. 1977, Evolution of the atmosphere, New York: Macmillan  
• Walker, J. C. G., Hays, P. B., & Kasting, J. F. 1981, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9776 NASA ADS  
• Warnatz, J. 1984, Combustion Chemistry, Chapt. 5 (Springer-Verlag)  
• Wehrbein, W. M., Hord, C. W., & Barth, C. A. 1979, Icarus, 38, 288 NASA ADS  
• Wilde, S. A., Valley, J. W., Peck, W. H., & Graham, C. M. 2001, Nature, 409, 175 NASA ADS  
• Wolszczan, A., & Frail, D. A. 1992, Nature, 355, 145 NASA ADS  
• Yung, Y. L., & DeMore, W. B. 1999, Photochemistry of planetary atmospheres (Oxford University Press)  
• Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Bejar, V. J. S., Martin, E. L., et al. 2000, Science, 290, 103 NASA ADS  
• Zhang, Y., & Zindler, A. 1993, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117, 331 NASA ADS