Contents

• Gas temperature and excitation classes in planetary nebulae
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The excitation classes
• 3 Photoionization models
• 4 Testing the temperature relation
• 5 Concluding remarks
• References
• Online Material

A&A 387, 1074-1082 (2002)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020469

Gas temperature and excitation classes in planetary nebulae

L. P. Martins - S. M. Viegas

Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, São Paulo, Brazil

Received 2 November 2001 / Accepted 25 March 2002

Abstract
Empirical methods to estimate the elemental abundances in planetary nebulae usually use the temperatures derived from the [O III] and [N II] emission-line ratios, respectively, for the high- and low-ionization zones. However, for a large number of objects these values may not be available. In order to overcome this difficulty and allow a better determination of abundances, we discuss the relationship between these two temperatures. Although a correlation is not easily seen when a sample of different PNe types is used, the situation is improved when they are gathered into excitation classes. From [OII]/[OIII] and HeII/HeI line ratios, we define four excitation classes. Then, using standard photoionization models which fit most of the data, a linear relation between the two temperatures is obtained for each of the four excitation classes. The method is applied to several objects for which only one temperature can be obtained from the observed emission lines and is tested by recalculation of the radial abundance gradient of the Galaxy using a larger number of PNe. We verified that our previous gradient results, obtained with a smaller sample of planetary nebulae, are not changed, indicating that the temperature relation obtained from the photoionization models are a good approximation, and the corresponding statistical error decreases as expected.

Key words: stars: abundances - ISM: abundances - planetary nebulae: general

1 Introduction

The most common empirical method used to determine chemical abundances of photoionized nebulae is based on the observed intensities of forbidden emission lines (Peimbert & Costero 1969). This method depends on the determination of the electronic density and temperature. The nebula is assumed to have 2 regions: an outer low-ionization zone and an inner high-ionization zone, respectively characterized by the ions N⁺ and O⁺⁺. Each zone has a characteristic temperature, respectively, $T_{\rm NII}$ and $T_{\rm OIII}$. Following the ionization potentials, the ions are assumed to be present in one or another zone, as indicated by photoionization models. The ionic abundances of N⁺, O⁺, S⁺ and S⁺⁺ are calculated using $T_{\rm NII}$, while $T_{\rm OIII}$is used for O⁺⁺ and Ne⁺⁺. The electronic density usually comes from the [S II] line ratio.

One of the main problems in determining chemical abundances of planetary nebulae (PNe) using the forbidden lines is the calculation of both electronic temperatures $T_{\rm NII}$ and $T_{\rm OIII}$. These temperatures are derived from the ratio between the auroral and nebular emission-lines of O⁺⁺ and N⁺. The faint auroral lines [OIII] $\lambda$4363 and [NII] $\lambda$5755 are in the bluer part of the spectra, where the detectors are generally less sensitive. When one of these lines is not observed, it is very common, in the literature, to assume that either the temperatures of the high- and low-ionization zones are equal, or the gas temperature is 10⁴ K. This may be a rough approximation, and may induce serious errors in the abundance determinations, since they are very sensitive to the electronic temperature. In addition, such an approximation can lead to false conclusions drawn from a sample of PNe abundances as, for instance, those regarding the radial abundance gradient of the Galaxy or other aspects of galactic chemical evolution.

For many objects, $T_{\rm OIII}$ can be obtained, but not $T_{\rm NII}$. In the case of empirical abundance determinations for HII regions, the missing temperature problem was overcome by Pagel (1992). These authors found a relation between $T_{\rm OIII}$ and  $T_{\rm OII}$(temperatures of the high and low ionization zones), based on photoionization models of Stasinska (1990).

Here we discuss an alternative method to determine the missing temperature for planetary nebulae. We verified that such a method could be obtained as long as the PNe are separated into excitation classes (Sect. 2). We then look for a relation between the temperatures of the high- and low-ionization zones using photoionization models. The calculated $T_{\rm OIII}$and $T_{\rm NII}$ values are compared to the temperatures derived from observations of a sample of planetary nebulae of a given excitation class (Sect. 3). The temperature relation, deduced from a grid of photoionization models, is applied to other PNe for which one of the temperatures is missing, and the results are tested by recalculating the radial abundance gradient of the Galaxy (Sect. 4). The concluding remarks appear in Sect. 5.

2 The excitation classes

In order to find a relation between the high- and low-ionization zones of planetary nebulae, data from a sample of type II PNe (Martins & Viegas 2000) were plotted. As seen in Fig. 1, no correlation is found between $T_{\rm OIII}$ and  $T_{\rm NII}$. However, any possible correlation could have been destroyed because the sample includes objects of different excitation classes. In order to verify the importance of the excitation class in defining the temperature correlation, in the following a classification of PNe into excitation classes is presented.

Figure 1: $T_{\rm OIII}$ versus $T_{\rm NII}$ for type II PNe. Figure shows that no correlation exists between these two temperatures. The correlation coefficient is 0.21.

Since 1864, when Huggins showed bright line spectra of nebulae, several classification schemes based on their spectra have been suggested. Cannon (1916) proposed the first one, based on the HeII $\lambda$4686 emission-line. Later, Page (1942) divided the PNe spectra in classes from 1 to 8, using the [OII]$\lambda$3727/[OIII]$\lambda$4959 and HeII $\lambda$4686/H${\beta}$ line ratios respectively for low- and high-ionization nebulae. A more refined classification was proposed by Aller (1956). His criteria are similar to Page's, based on the [OIII]$\lambda$5007/H${\beta}$ and He II $\lambda$4686/H${\beta}$ line ratios and largely used to classify the planetary nebulae.

The excitation classes are defined using the stronger lines of the nebular spectra. These lines depend on the central star temperature, as well as the central star luminosity, nebular density, geometry and abundances. To avoid the dependence of the excitation classes on this last parameter, the classification criteria based on line ratios involving different elements should not be used (Ratag et al. 1997).

It is impossible to associate excitation classes with a single parameter of the nebulae. Gurzadyan & Egikyan (1991) related the excitation classes to nebular sizes, and consequently, to the evolutionary stage of the planetary nebula. On the other hand, comparing excitation class distributions in different locations "such as each of the Magellanic Clouds, the galactic bulge and kinematic subgroups in the solar neighborhood'', Webster (1988) concluded that they are a function of some fundamental property of the object rather than just a consequence of the stage of evolution. Therefore, when studying PNe, excitation classes may be a very convenient independent parameter (Gurzadyan & Egikyan 1991).

In this work we follow the suggestion of Ratag et al. (1997), i.e., we use the following line ratios:

$${R1} = {\rm He II\lambda4686\over He I\lambda5876} ~~ \mbox{a... ... {\rm [OII]\lambda3727\over[OIII]\lambda\lambda4959,5007}\cdot$$ (1)

Essentially we can separate low, intermediate and high excitation classes using the helium line ratio (R1), whereas the oxygen line ratio (R2) can be used to refine the classification. As shown in Table 1, following the R1 and R2 values four classes are defined in this work.

 

Table 1: Planetary nebulae excitation classes.

Class 1	R1 $\leq$ 1	-
Class 2	1 $\leq$ R1 $\leq$ 8	R2 $\geq$ 1
Class 3	1 $\leq$ R1 $\leq$ 8	R2 $\leq$ 1
Class 4	R1 $\geq$ 8	-

Class 1 includes low excitation objects, classes 2 and 3 contain intermediate excitation objects whereas class 4, high excitation objects. These classes are compared to those proposed by other authors in Table 2.

 

Table 2: Relation between excitation classes.

Adopted Classification	Webster 1988	Aller 1956
Class 1	Classes 2-4	Classes 3-5
Class 2	Class 4	Classes 4-5
Class 3	Classes 4-8	Classes 5-7
Class 4	Class 9	Classes 8-10

The criteria listed above are used to classify types I-III planetary nebulae from a sample of observed objects (Tables 3-5). The PN name is listed in Col. 1, the references for the line intensities appear in Col. 2, the electronic density, excitation class, and electronic temperatures are given respectively in Cols. 3 to 6, while the chemical abundances of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and neon, in Cols. 7 to 10. The abundances were calculated by the empirical method, as described by Martins & Viegas (2000). For some objects the [OII] $\lambda$3727 line was not observed, not only because it is a weak line, but also because the blue part of the line spectra is not available. In these cases, the low excitation objects are separated from the others using only R2. For the intermediate excitation nebulae, the Aller (1956) criteria is applied, according to the comparison shown in Table 2. There are objects for which neither [OII] $\lambda$3727 nor HeII $\lambda$4686 are available. In theses cases, Aller criteria are used. These objects are identified by an asterisk in the Tables 3-5.

For each type of planetary nebula, the number of objects in each excitation class is not large enough to provide a good relation between $T_{\rm OIII}$ and $T_{\rm NII}$ (Figs. 2-4). A theoretical relation can be established using photoionization models, as discussed below.

3 Photoionization models

The photoionization code AANGABA (Gruenwald & Viegas 1992) is used to model a spherically symmetric nebula, photoionized by a black body ionizing radiation characterized by the temperature and luminosity of the central star.

To account for the large range of observed physical parameters of the planetary nebulae, a grid of models is obtained for the stellar temperature, stellar luminosity and gas density varying, respectively, in the ranges: 40 000 to 190 000 K, 500 to 50 000 $L/L_{\odot}$ and 200 to 10 000 cm^-3. The elemental abundances adopted are: He = 0.115, $\rm N = 2.24 \times 10^{-4}$, $\rm Ne = 1.23 \times 10^{-4}$, $\rm Mg = 3.8 \times 10^{-7}$, $\rm Si = 3.5 \times 10^{-7}$, $\rm S = 8.32 \times 10^{-6}$, $\rm Cl = 3.2 \times 10^{-9}$, $\rm Ar = 2.45 \times 10^{-6}$and $\rm Fe = 4.7 \times 10^{-7}$ (Kingsburgh & Barlow 1994). However, different carbon and oxygen abundances are adopted, in order to reach higher temperatures. Our grid includes models with $1.6 \times 10^{-4}\leq \rm C/H \leq 5.5 \times 10^{-4}$ and $1.5 \times 10^{-4} \leq \rm O/H \leq 4.79 \times 10^{-4}$. The upper values come from Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994), whereas the lower ones are chosen from the PNe abundances in our sample.

The physical conditions are calculated in several shells. The calculations start at the nebula inner radius and stop at an outer shell where hydrogen is neutral (HII/H $\leq$ 10^-4) i.e., when the optical depth at the Lyman limit, $\tau_{\rm Ly}$, is much larger than unity. However, some planetary nebulae could be matter-bound (see, for instance, Gruenwald & Viegas 2000). In this case, at the PN outer radius H is not completely neutral, $\tau_{\rm Ly}$ is smaller, and the average physical conditions of the emitting gas differ from the radiation-bound case. In order to simulate matter-bound planetary nebulae, models with $0.5 \leq \tau_{\rm Ly}\leq 100$ have also been built.

3.1 Results

Around 700 models were generated, combining the input parameters. Following the theoretical R1 and R2 line ratios, the models are classified in the excitation classes according to the criteria listed in Table 1. The corresponding values for $T_{\rm OIII}$ and $T_{\rm NII}$ are compared to the observational data for planetary nebulae of types I-III in Figs. 2-4, respectively. The PNe that, even accounting for the uncertainties, show a large disagreement with the models are labeled in these figures.

Figure 2: Theoretical and observational $T_{\rm OIII}$ versus $T_{\rm NII}$. The filled circles are the model results and the open circles are the type I PNe with the required emission lines observed.

Figure 3: Theoretical and observational $T_{\rm OIII}$ versus $T_{\rm NII}$. The filled circles are the model results and the open circles are type II PNe with the required emission lines observed.

Figure 4: Theoretical and observational $T_{\rm OIII}$ versus $T_{\rm NII}$. The filled circles are the model results and the open circles are the type III PNe with the required emission lines observed.

A certain scatter of the observational points relative to the theoretical results is expected because the models are extremely idealized: the PNe are supposed to be spherically symmetric with constant density. Therefore, accounting for the observational errors, we can say that model results roughly reproduce the behavior of $T_{\rm OIII}$ versus $T_{\rm NII}$. Notice, however, that for several high $T_{\rm OIII}$ class 3 and 4 PNe a theoretical relation based on the photoionization models may not provide a good result for the missing temperature.

For each excitation class, and independent of the type of the PNe, a linear least square fit of the model results is obtained, where $T_{\rm NII} = a$ $T_{\rm OIII}+ b$ . The a and b coefficients, as well as the corresponding uncertainties, are listed in Table 6.

As seen in Fig. 2, most of the class 3 type I PNe with $T_{\rm OIII}$ < 1.4 $\times$ 10⁴ K are clustered below the $T_{\rm NII}$ coming from the models, and for 5 out of 9 the temperatures do not reach the theoretical values even accounting for the data errors. On the other hand, the data of the PNe with $T_{\rm OIII}$ > 1.4 $\times$ 10⁴ K are not reproduced by the models. A similar problem occurs for the class 4 types I-III PNe (Figs. 2-4).

Regarding class 3 of type II (3 objects) and class 2 of type III PNe (2 objects), within the errors the data are explained by the models. Notice that there are no observational data available for excitation class 3 of type III planetary nebulae. Another interesting point is that in general $T_{\rm NII}$ is lower than $T_{\rm OIII}$ for the PNe in the sample, following the trend of the model results. However, only 6 out of 17 class 1 type II PNe show $T_{\rm NII}$ < $T_{\rm OIII}$. Although the model results are within the errors, the discrepancy between observational data and theoretical results may indicate that standard photoionization models are not a good approach to class 1 type II PNe. It is well known that a hard ionizing radiation, which is mainly absorbed at the low-ionization zone, can lead to $T_{\rm NII}$ > $T_{\rm OIII}$. However, class 1 PNe are low excitation objects, and we expect that the ionizing star temperature is not very high, so that not enough high energy photons reach the nebula. In this case, the discrepancy between observations and model results may be due to shocks or to density condensations, which are not accounted for in the standard models used in this paper.

 

Table 6: Linear fit to the temperature $relation^{[{\rm *}]}$.

	a	$\sigma$a	b	$\sigma$b
Class 1	0.77	0.03	2782	316
Class 2	0.80	0.11	1653	121
Class 3	0.50	0.02	5129	244
Class 4	0.92	0.01	545	12

${{\rm *}}$

$T_{\rm NII} = a T_{\rm OIII} + b$.

3.2 Objects with special features

For several PNe in our sample there is a disagreement between observed and theoretical results. For some of them, a search in the literature has shown that these objects have special features, as described below.

Regarding type I PNe (Fig. 2), class 1 NGC 7293 is a singular planetary nebula, with a system of ionized knots showing comet like tails (Meaburn et al. 1996) and He 2-153 may also have been missclassified, since following Acker et al. (1989) it should be class 3. In addition, class 3 NGC 2818 could have filaments and condensations (Phillips & Cuesta 1998) and He 2-15 is highly enriched in He and N (Kaller et al. 1996). Nothing special was found in the literature about the class 3 M3-5 and M3-2. We suspect that they could also have some especial features that could explain the discrepancies with model results, although some contribution from observational errors cannot be excluded. In fact, it is worth noting that type I NGC 6537 is classified as class 2 PN if the emission-line intensities of Freitas-Pacheco et al. (1992) are used, while it is a class 4 object with Aller et al. (1995) data. Using the two samples of data, its high- and low-ionization zone temperatures change by less than 10%. Nevertheless, as a class 2 PN it would have $T_{\rm NII}$ > $T_{\rm OIII}$ and would be outside the region covered by the models in Fig. 2b, while as class 4 its location (Fig. 2d) indicates accordance with the trend showed by the model results. As pointed out by Hyung (1999), NGC 6537 is an extremely high excitation object, in agreement with class 4, under the influence of strong stellar winds and shock heating, which could explain $T_{\rm NII}$ and $T_{\rm OIII}$ slightly higher (<8%) than the maximum temperatures found with standard photoionization models.

Type II class 2 planetary nebula NGC 2392 "possesses an extremely unusual spectro-kinematic morphology characterized by several strange and elusive structures'' (Phillips & Cuesta 1999), while following Tamura & Shaw (1987), type III class 1 PN K 3-67 "is an interesting class of PN, which should be classified as population II kinematically, but which show He and N enrichment´´.

For all types of planetary nebulae, class 4 objects show larger discrepancies between models and the observational data, even accounting for the observational errors. The discrepancies could be due to extreme physical conditions prevailing in these objects, which cannot be reproduced by the simple models presented here.

To illustrate this point, let us comment on some singular class 4 type II planetary nebulae. NGC 2371 presents some peculiarities in its spectra that need a more careful investigation. This object is probably close to the blue bend of the post-AGB evolutionary sequence and shows prominent O VI emissions with (so far) unique double narrow and broad features (Kaler et al. 1993). NGC 7662 shows evidence for anomalous low-ionization filaments in a high-ionization substract (Balick 1987). NGC 6818 shows an uncommon kinematic structure (Sabbadin 1984). High dispersion spectra show complicated line profile and splitting correlated, indicating that intrincated internal movements are superposed to the expansion pattern (Hyung et al. 1999a).

From these examples we may infer that several PNe have special characteristics that cannot be explained by general, simplified models. For these objects, specific, more sophisticated models, which are out of the scope of this paper, should probably be used to reproduce the gas physical conditions.

4 Testing the temperature relation

The calculation of the radial abundance gradient of the galaxy can provide a simple test for the theoretical relation between $T_{\rm OIII}$ and $T_{\rm NII}$ found above. In a previous paper, we discussed the radial abundance gradients using type II planetary nebulae (Martins & Viegas 2000). However, objects for which one of those temperatures could not be deduced from the observations were discarded from the sample. Now we can use the high- and low-ionization zone temperature relations (Sect. 3) to recalculate the elemental abundances of these objects, include them in the sample and recalculate the abundance gradient. If those temperature relations obtained from photoionization models are a good approach to the PNe empirical temperatures, we expect that adding those objects to our previous PNe sample (Tables 3-5), the new abundance gradient would agree with our previous value of the gradient (Martins & Viegas 2000). In fact, such an agreement would indicate that the temperature relations based on the excitation classes are not introducing errors on the empirical abundances.

4.1 Type II planetary nebulae

In order to obtain the radial abundance gradient, type II planetary nebulae have been used because they are more representatives of the galactic disc and a larger sample is available in the literature. The abundances of oxygen, neon sulfur and nitrogen are calculated from the published emission-line intensities (see Martins & Viegas 2000). The distances come from Maciel & Quireza (1999). These authors used the distances obtained by Maciel (1984), but changed the sun distance to 7.6 kpc, a more recent value. Maciel (1984) used a statistical method based on an empirical relation between the mass and the radius of the nebulae. The uncertainty in the distances may be even larger than 50%, leading to a large scatter of the data, and so, to a smaller value of the gradient (Maciel & Quireza 1999). Thus a better determination of the distances would be important for studies on the chemical evolution of galaxies, but does not affect our conclusions relative to the relation between the temperatures of the high- and low-ionization zones.

Type II planetary nebulae with observed emission-lines allowing to deduce the electron density and either the high- or the low-ionization temperature were gathered from the literature and divided into the excitation classes following the criteria listed in Table 1. Then, using the least square linear fit coefficients given in Table 6, the missing temperature is obtained and the elemental abundances are deduced for these objects.

The results are shown in Table 7, where the PN name is listed in Col. 1, the references regarding the emission-line intensities appear in Col. 2, the excitation class and electronic density are given respectively in Cols. 3 and 4, while the temperatures for high- and low-ionization zones are listed in Cols. 5 and 6. The empirical abundances are shown in Cols. 7 to 10.

For the PNe listed in the first eleven rows, $T_{\rm OIII}$ is calculated from the observed [O III] line ratios, while the $T_{\rm NII}$ is obtained from the temperature relation corresponding to their classes. On the other hand, for the PNe in the last six rows, the opposite occurred, i.e., $T_{\rm NII}$ comes from the observed [N II] emission-line ratio, which is used in the temperature relation to calculate $T_{\rm OIII}$ according to the PN class.

Adding the PNe listed in Table 7 to the Martins & Viegas sample (Table 4), the radial abundance gradients are recalculated. In Table 8, our previous results (rows labeled a1) are compared with the recalculated values (rows labeled a2) for each element. The gradient values ($\alpha$) are in units of dex/kpc and the abundance at the intercept value (${\beta}$) correspond to the disk abundance extrapolated to the center of the Galaxy. The results are also shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Abundance gradients of O, N, Ne and S for type II PNe. The solid, dashed and dotted lines correspond, respectively, to (a1) our previous results (Martins & Viegas 2000), (a2) results including the PNe listed in Table 7, and (a3) results after excluding the class 4 PNe of the complementary sample.

For O and N, the two gradient values show a very good agreement. For S and Ne, the results are in agreement within the errors. However, recall that, mainly for excitation class 4, the theoretical relation between the temperatures of the high- and low-ionization zones may perhaps not be a good indicator (see Fig. 3d). Thus, the abundances derived for class 4 objects may be wrong, leading to an error in the new gradient value.

There are only 3 class 4 objects in Table 7, all of them with $T_{\rm NII}$ obtained from the temperature relation. The N, Ne and S abundances are strongly dependent on $T_{\rm NII}$. To test this issue, a new gradient is calculated, removing class 4 objects from the complementary sample. The results are also shown in Table 8 (rows a3).

For Ne and S, the new results without the class 4 objects show a better agreement with the first values (row 1). On the other hand, class 4 objects seem to have little effect on the nitrogen abundance. This could be due to the fact that only 2 (out of 3) class 4 objects were included in the calculation and that coincidentally for both of them the models provide a good fit to the empirical temperatures of the high- and low ionization zones.

 

Table 8: Linear fit of the abundance gradients for type II PNe.

		$\alpha$	$\sigma$$_{\alpha}$	${\beta}$	$\sigma$$_{\beta}$
O	a1	-0.063	0.018	9.15	0.14
	a2	-0.065	0.014	9.19	0.10
N	a1	-0.087	0.030	8.77	0.25
	a2	-0.088	0.024	8.76	0.17
	a3	-0.089	0.025	8.76	0.18
S	a1	-0.067	0.036	7.76	0.27
	a2	-0.042	0.028	7.61	0.21
	a3	-0.063	0.029	7.74	0.21
Ne	a1	-0.084	0.027	8.63	0.20
	a2	-0.077	0.023	8.60	0.17
	a3	-0.084	0.024	8.63	0.18

4.2 Types I and III planetary nebulae

In the case of types I and III PNe, only the oxygen abundance gradient should be used to test the temperature relation. The nitrogen and sulfur abundances are changed by nucleosynthesis of their progenitor stars, and are not characteristic of the interstellar medium (Maciel & Köppen 1994). In addition, Ne data are available for only few objects, so the statistical error in the abundance gradient is too large, and the Ne gradient will not provide a good test for the temperature relation.

For types I and III PNe, fewer emission-line spectra are available in the literature. The distances come from Maciel & Köppen (1994). They were obtained with the same method as in Maciel & Quireza (1999), but assuming a solar distance of 8.5 kpc from the galactic center, while for type II PNe, 7.6 kpc was adopted. Thus we cannot compare the oxygen gradients derived from type I and III PNe with those derived from type II objects. Notice however that, for our purposes, i.e., testing the relation between $T_{\rm NII}$ and $T_{\rm NII}$ (Sect. 3), this is not a problem.

The same procedure used for type II PNe is adopted for types I and III PNe. The complementary PNe, to be added to the samples presented in Tables 3 and 5, are listed in Table 9.

 

Table 10: Linear fit of the abundance gradients for types I and III PNe.

Type I PNe		$\alpha$	$\sigma$$_{\alpha}$	${\beta}$	$\sigma$$_{\beta}$
O	a1	-0.040	0.020	9.05	0.18
	a2	-0.049	0.017	9.13	0.14
Type III PNe		$\alpha$	$\sigma$$_{\alpha}$	${\beta}$	$\sigma$$_{\beta}$
O	a1	-0.052	0.023	8.87	0.17
	a2	-0.049	0.021	8.85	0.16

Figure 6: Oxygen gradient for type I PNe.

Figure 7: Oxygen gradient for type III PNe.

The results for types I and III planetary nebulae presented in Table 10 and in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively, confirm the conclusions reached with type II PNe, i.e., the theoretical temperature relations obtained for different excitation classes of PNe are an efficient tool to overcome the lack of measured auroral line intensities when determining empirical elemental abundances.

5 Concluding remarks

Approximations are inevitable when we study a large number of objects, since the individual analysis of each object may be time-consuming and difficult. Empirical methods have been largely used to determine elemental abundances from observed emission-lines. Nevertheless, we have to be careful when assuming the gas physical conditions. For large samples of planetary nebulae it is usual to adopt a temperature of 10⁴ K and a electron density of 10⁴ cm^-3 when the temperature and density indicators obtained from the emission-lines are not available. Depending on the object, these assumptions may induce a large error in the chemical abundances, leading to false conclusions on studies based on those results, like abundance gradients in galaxies or galactic chemical evolution.

For many planetary nebulae, the temperature characterizing the high-ionization zone, $T_{\rm OIII}$, or the low-ionization zone, $T_{\rm NII}$, cannot be obtained because the temperature indicators are line ratios involving faint auroral lines which are not easily observed. In this paper, we discuss a method to overcome this difficulty for planetary nebulae, establishing a relationship between the two temperatures. Although a correlation is not easily seen when a sample of non-classified PNe is used, the situation is improved when they are gathered into excitation classes.

There are many studies using the PNe excitation classes. The Aller (1956) classification is probably the most used one. More recently, Ratag et al. (1997) suggested that the ratios used in the classification should be calculated with emission-lines of the same element, so that abundances would not influence the results. However, those authors did not present the numerical values that define their excitation classes, so 4 excitation classes are defined and used throughout this paper.

For each of the 4 excitation classes, a linear relation between $T_{\rm OIII}$ and $T_{\rm NII}$ is obtained using results from photoionization models which fit the temperatures deduced from the observed emission-line ratios of a sample of types I-III PNe.

The temperature relations, obtained from a grid of photoionization models, are in agreement with the empirical temperatures of a large number of PNe in the sample. On the other hand, most of the objects for which the temperature relation does not provide a good fit to the temperatures deduced from the observations are exotic planetary nebulae, showing uncommon features, or highly ionized class 4 PNe. For all these objects, an individual analysis is necessary.

In addition, class 1 objects tend to present $T_{\rm NII}$ > $T_{\rm OIII}$, in disagreement with the temperature relation deduced from the photoionization models. This fact is probably an indication that shocks or high density condensations are present in these class 1 PNe. If the high $T_{\rm NII}$ is due to shocks, the higher temperature of the postshock zone should favor the low ionization zone where N⁺ is present. On the other hand, if high density condensations are present (n_e of the order of 10⁶ K), we expect $T_{\rm NII} > T_{\rm OIII}$. In fact, the critical density of the [N II] nebular line is lower than that of the [O III] line, thus due to the density condensations the nitrogen auroral/nebular line ratio would increase more than the oxygen ratio leading to higher empirical temperature in the low-ionization zone.

The method is tested by recalculation of the abundance gradient using a larger number of PNe, i.e., including those objects firstly excluded from the sample because one of the two empirical temperatures was not available. It is worth noting that the large uncertainty in the PNe distances has no effect on the test carried out in this paper. The radial abundance gradient value does not change and the statistical error decreases as expected.

In brief, the results presented here may be improved by more sophisticated models, accounting for non-symmetric geometries, for the presence of condensations and/or for additional heating sources, which have been invoked in the literature to explain the discrepancy between the temperatures derived from the [O III] emission-line ratio and the Balmer discontinuity.

Acknowledgements

We thank Roberto Costa for helpful discussions on the subject. We are also indebted to S. Hyung for the careful reading of this paper and for the suggestions that improved it. This paper was supported by FAPESP(00/12217-4 and 00/06695-0), CNPq(303077/77-1) and PRONEX/Finep(41.96.0908.00).

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Online Material

 

Table 3: Physical parameters and abundances of type I planetary nebulae.

NEBULAE	Refa	$R({\rm Kpc})^{b}$	$n_{\rm e}$	EC	$T_{\rm OIII}$	$T_{\rm NII}$	O/H	N/H	S/H	Ne/H
NGC 650	AC83	8.97	435	3	10 726	9585	8.86	8.62	7.28	8.47
NGC 2346	PTP5	9.75	874	3	11366	9016	8.79	8.32	6.94	8.32
NGC 2440	HA98	9.18	14 256	4	14 059	9583	8.83	9.25	6.91	8.31
NGC 2452	KB94	10	2149	4	12 723	12 070	8.82	8.5	7.24	8.05
NGC 2818	PTP5	9.1	763	3	15 125	12 290	8.53	8.44	7.29	8.02
NGC 2899	KB94	8.45	224	4	19 363	12 342	8.72	8.84	7.23	8.18
NGC 5315	AKSJ	8.08	6395	1	8696	10 170	8.82	8.3	7.27	-
NGC 6153	FMCB	7.56	2559	2	11 473	10 973	8.5	7.89	6.97	-
NGC 6369	AK87	7.9	8381	1	11 730	11 990	8.49	8.15	7.14	7.58
NGC 6445	AKSJ	7.51	1087	3	11 564	10 147	9.08	8.55	7.17	-
NGC 6537	A95	7.81	32 528	4	16 142	15 332	8.65	8.38	6.00	8.03
NGC 6620	AK87	4.56	2634	2	9812	8465	8.94	8.56	7.41	8.24
NGC 6741	HA97	7.15	6841	3	12 591	10 712	8.75	8.59	7.21	8.16
NGC 6751	KB94	6.22	733	3	9626	8065	8.98	8.45	7.45	8.07
NGC 6778	AC83	6.82	832	2	7953	8157	8.74	8.81	7.54	8.21
NGC 6881	AK87	8.21	28 750	2	12 123	10 553	8.87	8.49	7.14	8.06
NGC 7293	PTP5	8.41	57	1	10 221	8247	8.81	8.41	-	8.41
NGC 7354	AK87	8.78	9799	2	12 960	11 051	8.61	8.37	-	7.74
Hb 4	AK87	6.31	8907	2	9688	9992	8.8	8.52	7.73	8
Hb 5	AK87	7.3	9759	2	12 514	12 224	8.85	9.17	7.25	7.92
Hb 6	AK87	6.62	9650	2	10 902	10 467	8.75	8.64	7.66	7.93
He 2-15	KB94	9.05	1510	3	17 120	11 334	8.53	8.77	7.22	7.86
He 2-51	KB94	8	768	3	11 905	8054	8.72	8.26	7.22	8.23
He 2-111	KB94	6.81	2192	2	10 727	9223	8.92	9.02	7.93	8.44
He 2-112	AKSJ	6.82	2661	2	13 504	11 210	8.72	8.26	7.04	-
He 2-153	AKSJ	7.48	1578	1	14 817	10 711	8.22	8.18	-	-
Hu 1-2	AC83	8.65	8726	8	16 757	11 625	8.34	8.38	6.87	7.63
M 1-8	KB94	11.65	529	3	12 075	10 345	8.79	8.43	6.92	8.19
M 1-13	KB94	11.71	1101	3	11 417	9791	8.72	8.51	6.9	8.18
M 1-17	PTP5	13.05	6022	1	11 057	11 187	8.68	8.42	-	7.87
M 2-55	PTP5	9.48	570	3	10 137	11 086	8.72	8.36	-	8.16
M 3-2	KSK	10.44	1102	3	17 889	10 994	8.09	8.44	7	8.02
M 3-3	KSK	10.49	933	3	11 633	8982	8.73	8.8	-	8.28
M 3-5	KB94	11.44	582	3	15 354	11 295	8.29	8.12	6.49	7.81
Me 1-1	AK87	6.89	29 6876	1	9909	9596	8.85	8.42	7.48	8.2
Me 2-2	AK87	9.39	2625	1	10 464	12 214	8.36	8.95	7.26	7.58
PB 6	KSFI	8.82	2947	4	15 411	10 970	8.81	8.92	6.95	8.14

^a References: (A95) Aller et al. (1995); (AC83) Aller & Czyzak (1983); (AK87) Aller & Keyes (1987); (AKSJ) Acker et al. (1989); (FPMC) Freitas-Pacheco et al. (1992); (HA97) Hyung & Aller (1997a); (HA98) Hyung & Aller (1998); (KSK) Kaller et al. (1990); (KB94) Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994); (KSFI) Kaller et al. (1991); (PTP5) Peimbert & Torres-Peimbert (1987).
^b Distances: Maciel & Köppen (1994).

 

Table 4: Physical parameters and abundances of type II planetary nebulae.

NEBULAE	Refa	$R({\rm Kpc})^{b}$	$n_{\rm e}$	EC	$T_{\rm OIII}$	$T_{\rm NII}$	O/H	N/H	S/H	Ne/H
NGC 2371	AC83	9.9	3097	4	15 746	9459	8.56	8.09	7.26	8.03
NGC 2392	AC79	10.33	4455	3	13 590	7160	8.80	8.40	7.54	8.05
NGC 2867	KB94	8.42	3471	3	11 160	9731	8.82	8.22	7.28	8.11
NGC 3918	K97	7.84	7320	3	8934	12 024	8.77	8.41	7.57	7.92
NGC 5882	FPMC	7.22	5000	1	8992	9518	8.77	7.80	7.50	-
NGC 6210	FR1	7.78	3557	1	9920	11 882	8.50	7.93	7.50	7.88
NGC 6309	AC83	6.51	4824	3	11 245	9802	8.84	8.29	7.88	8.16
NGC 6439	FPMC	4.84	6300	3 (*)	8922	8399	9.11	8.51	7.18	8.62
NGC6543	AC79	8.59	4334	1	8269	9684	8.70	8.08	7.58	8.13
NGC 6563	FPMC	6.62	5200	3 (*)	11 992	10 736	8.46	8.37	-	-
NGC 6565	AKF3	7.01	2245	2	10 377	9548	8.84	8.49	7.23	8.30
NGC 6567	HA93	7.04	5378	3	11 522	12 090	8.32	7.63	7.09	7.53
NGC 6572	HAF1	7.01	29 612	1	10 420	11 691	8.56	8.29	7.13	7.90
NGC 6578	AKY2	6.45	5444	3	8390	10 535	8.76	8.00	-	8.21
NGC 6720	FR1	8.22	824	2	11 101	9720	8.70	8.44	7.21	8.16
NGC 6790	AHF96	7.38	17 241	1	11 226	14 373	8.69	8.26	7.65	7.88
NGC 6818	HAF3	7.24	1304	4	11 334	9561	9.18	9.02	8.19	8.28
NGC 6826	AC83	8.45	2901	1	10 560	12 250	8.37	7.43	6.99	7.55
NGC 6879	AKY2	7.21	6966	1	10 127	13 610	8.62	7.82	7.54	7.98
NGC 6884	H97	8.44	24 609	3	9617	9314	9.06	8.45	7.73	8.38
NGC 6886	HKA	7.8	18 231	3	11 611	9720	8.96	8.53	7.21	8.31
NGC 6894	AKY2	8.1	383	1	8238	14 740	8.80	8.79	7.57	8.33
NGC 7009	FPMC	7.93	8124	3 (*)	9761	7300	8.90	7.92	-	7.91
NGC 7026	AC79	8.53	11 672	1	9015	9202	8.82	8.44	7.41	8.36
NGC 7662	HA97	8.75	4094	4	12 402	15 388	8.88	8.12	8.08	8.11
IC 418	HAF2	9.73	8242	1	9727	9930	8.15	7.77	6.60	6.97
IC 1297	AKF	5.71	3477	3	10 096	8714	8.88	8.67	7.94	8.24
IC 2003	KB94	10.72	12 516	3	11 988	12 778	8.72	8.10	7.02	8.06
IC 2149	FHA	9.55	9120	1	9979	10 170	8.41	7.48	6.56	7.55
IC 2165	H94	9.97	3923	4	12 442	14 437	8.55	8.04	7.21	7.78
IC 2501	FPMC	8.38	41 000	1	9523	7840	8.85	7.93	6.90	-
IC 2621	FPMC	7.97	19 000	3 (*)	10 977	10 838	9.01	8.57	7.23	-
IC 4776	AC83	5.29	14 666	1	8581	13 582	8.79	8.10	7.61	8.03
IC 5217	H02	9.42	4682	1	10 706	12 943	8.70	8.48	7.94	8.06
He2-37	KB94	8.62	269	4	12 764	10 149	9.07	8.52	7.04	8.41
He 2-48	KB94	8.87	196	2	11 785	11 217	8.58	8.03	6.98	7.99
He 2-115	FPMC	7.05	21 000	1	12 335	10 957	8.24	7.45	6.41	-
He 2-141	FPMC	6.4	2900	4	14 880	10 546	8.76	8.10	6.76	-
Hu 1-1	AC83	11.55	2007	2	12 821	10 130	8.63	7.98	6.88	8.04
J 320	AC83	12.36	4806	1	12 406	11 684	8.39	7.63	7.28	7.78
J 900	AC83	10.55	4513	3	12 124	10 679	8.65	7.97	6.86	7.98
M 1-4	K97	9.97	6853	1	12 036	10 453	8.44	7.55	7.21	7.80
M 1-5	BAR	10.59	2105	2	9283	11 495	8.30	7.94	-	7.36
M 1-54	AKSJ	5.51	2074	3 (*)	9547	8888	8.91	8.65	7.32	-
M 1-74	AKSJ	7.25	38 807	2	9515	11 620	8.72	7.99	7.36	8.03
Th 2-a	KB94	7.3	1464	3	11 805	12 269	8.89	8.51	-	8.34

^a References: (AC79) Aller & Czyak (1979); (AC83) Aller & Czyak (1983); (AHF96) Aller et al. (1996); (AKF) Aller et al. (1988); (AKY2) Aller & Keyes (1987); (AKSJ) Acker et al. (1979); (BAR) Barker (1978); (FHA) Feibelman et al. (1994); (FPMC) Freitas Pacheco et al. (1992); (FR1) French (1981); (H94) Hyung (1994); (H97) Hyung et al. (1997); (H00) Hyung et al. (2000); (H01) Hyung et al. (2001a); (HA93) Hyung & Aller 1993; (HA97) Hyung & Aller (1997b); (HAF1) Hyung et al. (1994a); (HAF2) Hyung et al. (1994b); (HAF3) Hyung et al. (1999a); (HKA) Hyung et al. (1994c); (K97) Kaler et al. (1997); (KB94) Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994).
^b Distances: Maciel & Quireza (1999).

 

Table 5: Physical parameters and abundances of type III planetary nebulae.

NEBULAE	Refa	$R({\rm Kpc})^{b}$	$n_{\rm e}$	EC	$T_{\rm OIII}$	$T_{\rm NII}$	O/H	N/H	S/H	Ne/H
NGC 6644	AKF3	5.77	14099	2	12 425	9967	8.57	7.77	6.84	7.87
NGC 6807	AK87	5.84	35 144	1	10 595	14 164	8.65	7.86	7.25	7.86
NGC 6833	AK87	8.43	9950	1	13 681	19 965	8.04	8.07	7.00	7.26
IC 4593	BAR	6.9	648	1	9015	11 499	8.44	7.61	6.94	7.55
IC 4634	H99	6.06	4634	1	9949	13 025	8.56	7.96	7.86	7.86
IC 4732	AK87	5.22	21 546	1	12 624	9122	8.48	7.50	7.30	7.67
IC 4846	H02	6.19	6687	1	10 574	12 228	8.51	7.96	7.52	8.00
He 2-5	GMC	10.43	9275	1	10 899	11 331	8.31	7.55	-	7.27
K 3-67	AK87	11.9	5268	1	13 214	13 091	8.26	8.04	7.16	7.53
M 2-6	AKSJ	4.48	4382	1	10 657	11 350	8.41	7.46	6.75	-
M 2-23	AK87	5.91	12 381	1	11 602	17 831	8.43	8.25	7.97	7.59
M 3-1	KB94	11.09	1978	1	10 836	9969	8.42	7.92	7.22	7.80
M 3-29	AKSJ	5.57	638	1	8712	9966	8.59	8.03	-	-
Me 2-1	MGCH	5.24	2303	4	14 126	11 220	8.92	7.93	7.12	7.98
Vy 1-2	BAR	6.86	2629	2	9652	7731	8.90	8.16	8.02	8.12

^a References: (AC83) Aller & Czyzak (1983); (AK87) Aller & Keyes (1987); (AKF3) Aller et al. (1988); (AKSJ) Acker et al. (1989); (BAR) Barker (1978); (FPMC) Freitas-Pacheco et al. (1992); (GMC) Gutierrez-Moreno et al. (1985); (H99) Hyung et al. (1999b); (H01) Hyung et al. (2001b); (KB94) Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994); (MGCH) Moreno et al. (1994).
^b Distances: Maciel & Köppen (1994).

 

Table 7: Physical parameters and abundances of additional type II planetary nebulae.

NEBULAE	Refa	C.E.	$n_{\rm e}$	$T_{\rm OIII}$	$T_{\rm NII}^*$	$\epsilon$(O)	$\epsilon$(N)	$\epsilon$(S)	$\epsilon$(Ne)	$R({\rm Kpc})^{b}$
IC 351	F96	4	3533	12 918	12 383	8.72	7.68	7.70	8.04	10.36
NGC 2022	AC83	1	2089	14 078	13 465	8.7	-	7.76	7.99	9.69
NGC 6629	AKY2	1	1764	8723	9228	8.65	7.63	-	7.87	6.03
NGC 6891	AKY2	1	658	9311	9763	8.63	-	7.25	7.9	6.57
NGC 6905	AC83	4	976	12 080	11 601	9.03	8.27	-	8.39	6.93
IC 1747	AC83	1	4279	10 116	10 495	8.73	8.21	7.5	8.03	9.41
He 2-55	KB94	4	518	13 081	12 535	8.86	8.26	-	8.29	7.31
PC 14	KB94	1	2914	7785	8374	9.18	8.45	7.97	8.55	3.95
He 2-21	FPMC	2	4625	12 342	11 637	8.39	7.51	-	-	9.96
M 3-15	AK87	1	5004	10 421	10 773	8.54	7.89	-	-	5.72
Fg1	KB94	2	3019	9807	9497	8.47	7.56	-	7.99	7.12
NEBULAE	Refa	C.E.	$n_{\rm e}$	$T_{\rm OIII}^*$	$T_{\rm NII}$	$\epsilon$(O)	$\epsilon$(N)	$\epsilon$(S)	$\epsilon$(Ne)	$R({\rm Kpc})^{b}$
BD+3036	AH95	1	26 169	6904	7572	8.95	8.37	7.27	-	7.33
M 1-34	AKY2	2	1042	6584	7282	8.95	8.52	7.41	-	3.75
M 2-10	AKSJ	1	2689	9112	8911	9.07	8.49	7.55	-	4.12
He 2-140	AKSJ	1	9677	6768	7449	8.77	8.24	7.06	-	5.4
M 1-25	AKSJ	1	6274	7141	7788	9.1	8.34	7.32	-	4.04
He2-123	AKSJ	1	4178	5609	6403	8.86	8.68	-	-	5.53

^a References: (AH95) Aller & Hyung (1995); (AC83) Aller & Czyzak (1983); (AK87) Aller & Keyes (1987); (AKSJ) Acker et al. (1989); (BAR) Barker (1978); (F96) Feibelman et al. (1996); (FPMC) Freitas-Pacheco et al. (1992); (KB94) Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994).
^b Distances: Maciel & Quireza (1999).
* Temperature obtained from the temperature relation according to the PN class.

 

Table 9: Physical parameters and abundances of additional types I and III planetary nebulae.

NEBULAE	Refa	$R({\rm Kpc})^{b}$	$n_{\rm e}$	C.E.	$T_{\rm OIII}$	$T_{\rm NII}$	$\epsilon$(O)	$\epsilon$(N)	$\epsilon$(S)	$\epsilon$(Ne)
Type I - $T_{\rm NII}^*$
NGC 5189	KB94	8.1	475	4	12 411	12 949	8.76	8.81	7.39	8.11
NGC 4673	AKY2	5.11	1891	2	10 376	10 848	8.87	8.54	7.96	8.1
Ha 1-59	AKY2	5.92	1238	4	11 368	11 831	9.15	9.16	-	8.21
Ha 2-18	AKY2	4.66	1359	2	12 317	12 118	8.49	7.92	-	7.57
Vy 1-1	KON	9.53	257	2	15 507	15 623	8.8	6.05	-	7.8
Type I - $T_{\rm OIII}^*$
Ha 1-18	AKY2	5.61	11 546	1	10 597	10 227	8.87	8.03	6.82	8.13
Ha 2-86	AKSJ	7.51	17 245	1	9058	8536	8.84	8.47	7.35	-
He 2-164	FPMC	6.56	671	4	11 621	12 102	8.71	7.67	6.93	-
M 1-40	AKSJ	6.63	10 059	2	10 183	10 620	8.94	8.71	7.52	-
M 1-75	AKY2	7.93	2568	2	10 903	11 472	8.9	9.51	7.88	8.2
Mz 2	FPMC	6.63	2173	4	14 100	14 758	8.86	8.67	-	-
Pe 1-17	AKSJ	5.74	1879	3	9432	7882	9.44	8.96	7.87	-
Type III - $T_{\rm NII}^*$
Sn 1	BAR	4.21	876	1	10 438	10 053	8.59	7.31	7.88	-

^a References: (1) Acker et al. (1989); (2) Aller & Keyes (1987); (3) Barker (1978); (4) Freitas-Pacheco et al. (1992); (5) Kondratyeva (1978); (6) Kingsburgh & Barlow (1994).
^b Distances: Maciel & Köppen (1984).
* Temperature obtained from the temperature relation according to the PN class.