Cygnus OB2 as a test case for particle acceleration in young massive star clusters

¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, Firenze, Italy
e-mail: stefano.menchiari@inaf.it
² Università degli studi di Siena, Dipartimento di scienze fisiche della terra e dell’ambiente, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy

Received: 1 December 2023
Accepted: 3 March 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we focus on the scientific case of Cygnus OB2, a young massive star cluster (YMSC) located in the northern sky towards the Cygnus X star-forming complex. We consider a model that assumes cosmic-ray acceleration occurring only at the termination shock of the collective wind of the YMSC and address the question of whether or not, and under what hypotheses, hadronic emission by the accelerated particles can account for the observations of Cygnus OB2 obtained by Fermi-LAT and HAWC. To this end, we carefully review the available information on this source, also confronting different estimates of the relevant parameters with ad hoc developed simulations. Once other model parameters are fixed, the spectral and spatial properties of the emission are found to be very sensitive to the unknown properties of the turbulent magnetic field. Comparison with the data shows that our suggested scenario is incompatible with Kolmogorov turbulence. Assuming Kraichnan- or Bohm-type turbulence spectra, the model accounts well for the very high energy (VHE) data, but fails to reproduce the centrally peaked morphology observed by Fermi-LAT, suggesting that additional effects might be important for lower energy γ-ray emission. We discuss how additional progress can be made with more detailed and extended knowledge of the spectral and morphological properties of the emission.