Variation of the electron flux spectrum along a solar flare loop as inferred from STIX hard X-ray observations

¹ MIDA, Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 35, 16146 Genova, Italy
e-mail: volpara@dima.unige.it; piana@.dima.unige.it; massone@.dima.unige.it
² Department of Physics & Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
³ University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁴ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
⁵ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, Italy

Received: 10 November 2023
Accepted: 13 February 2024

Abstract

Context. Regularized imaging spectroscopy was introduced for the construction of electron flux images at different energies from count visibilities recorded by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). In this work we seek to extend this approach to data from the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on board the Solar Orbiter mission.

Aims. Our aims are to demonstrate the feasibility of regularized imaging spectroscopy as a method for analysis of STIX data, and also to show how such an analysis can lead to insights into the physical processes affecting the nonthermal electrons responsible for the hard X-ray emission observed by STIX.

Methods. STIX records imaging data in an intrinsically different manner from RHESSI. Rather than sweeping the angular frequency plane in a set of concentric circles (one circle per detector), STIX uses 30 collimators, each corresponding to a specific angular frequency. For this work, we derived an appropriate modification to the previous computational approach for the analysis of the visibilities observed by STIX. This approach also allows for the observed count data to be placed into nonuniformly spaced energy bins.

Results. We show that the regularized imaging spectroscopy approach is not only feasible for an analysis of the visibilities observed by STIX, but also more reliable. The application of the regularized imaging spectroscopy technique to several well-observed flares reveals details of the variation of the electron flux spectrum throughout the flare sources.

Conclusions. We conclude that the visibility-based regularized imaging spectroscopy approach is well suited for the analysis of STIX data. We also used STIX electron flux spectral images to track, for the first time, the behavior of the accelerated electrons during their path from the acceleration site in the solar corona toward the chromosphere.