Astronomy & Astrophysics

All Figures

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.0cm,clip]{1873f1.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 1: Cutting off ${\gamma ^{-1}}$ -cones: only bins in the "ground-trace'' of a particle's trajectory are selected for evaluation.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.3cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f2.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 2: Smart trajectory sampling: the particle trajectory is sampled densely in the peak-region and only sparsely further outside.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.0cm,clip]{1873f3.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 3: The economic gridding mechanism: when new contributions are registered onto existing contributions, points are inserted and interpolated only as needed.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f4.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 4: Time-dependence of the raw pulses originating from the shower maximum as observed by an observer at ( from left to right) 20 m, 140 m and 460 m to the north from the shower centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \psfrag{Eomega0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$\left\vert\vec{E}(\vec{R},\omeg... ...[MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f5.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 5: Spectra of pulses originating from the shower maximum for observers at ( from top to bottom) 20 m, 140 m, 340 m and 740 m distance to the north of the shower centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eew0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(t)$ ~[$\mu$ V m$^{-1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f6.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 6: Comparison of the east-west component of a raw pulse (solid), a pulse smoothed with a 40-160 MHz idealised rectangle filter (long dashed) and a 42.5-77.5 MHz filter as used in LOPES (short dashed) for emission from the shower maximum.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f7.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 7: Total field strength of a pulse originating from a point source of 10⁸ $\gamma =60$ particles in 4 km height, observed in the shower centre. Solid: analytic calculation, points: calculated with MC code.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f8.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 8: East-west polarisation component of a point-source with $\gamma =60$ particles at 4 km height at increasing distance to the north from the shower axis. From left to right: 5 m, 305 m, 505 m, 705 m, 855 m and 995 m.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f9.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 9: Same as figure 8 at increasing distance to the east from the shower axis.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f10.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 10: Individual particle pulses from a point-source shower as measured by an observer situated 995 m east of the shower centre. Solid: B=0.3 Gauss, dashed: B=0.5 Gauss. The time-integral over the pulses is constant.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f11.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 11: Raw pulse from a shower slice calculated with different gridding strategies and resolutions. Solid with points: simple grid 10^-9 s, solid black: simple grid 10^-10 s, light coloured: economic grid 10^-12 s.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f12.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 12: Changes introduced by the smart sampling algorithm in the radial emission pattern of the rectangle-filtered maximum pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum. Thin lines: dense equidistant sampling, thick lines: smart sampling; solid: to the north, dashed: to the west.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f13.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 13: Changes introduced by the cutting off of regions outside a few ${\gamma ^{-1}}$ -cones in the radial emission pattern of the frequency-filtered maximum pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum. Distance from the shower centre is to the north. Solid: no cutting, long dashed: cutting after $8\ \gamma ^{-1}$ , short dashed: cutting after $4\ \gamma ^{-1}.$
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f14.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 14: Changes introduced to the radial emission pattern of the frequency-filtered maximum pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum by the automatic bin inactivation algorithm. Thin lines: no automatic bin inactivation, thick lines: automatic bin inactivation; solid: to the north, dashed: to the west.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,clip]{1873f15.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 15: Automatic ground-bin inactivation sequence. Darker bins are set inactive later than lighter bins. The sequence propagates from the inside to the outside. The pattern is east-west and north-south symmetric as expected for a vertical shower and a horizontal magnetic field.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f16.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 16: Radial dependence of the maximum rectangle-filtered pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum in the north (solid) and west (dashed) direction in case of constant and long particle trajectories ( $\lambda \equiv 100$ g cm^-2, no edge effects at high distances from the shower centre).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f17.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 17: Same as Fig. 16 for $\lambda \equiv 40$ g cm^-2. See text for explanation of the "kink'' at $\sim$ 540 m.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eew0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(t)$ ~[$\mu$ V m$^{-1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f18.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 18: Time-dependence of the raw pulses originating from the shower maximum as observed by an observer at (from left to right) 460 m, 500 m, 540 m, 580 m and 620 m to the west from the shower centre. See text for explanation of the "polarity change''.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f19.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 19: North (solid) vs. west (dashed) asymmetry in the maximum filtered pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum in case of statistically distributed track-lengths. The asymmetry is washed out up to high distances.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f20.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 20: Changes to the north (solid) and west (dashed) radial emission patterns for emission from the shower maximum when going from a 0.3 Gauss horizontal magnetic field (thin lines) to a 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field (thick lines).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\mbox{\includegraphics[width=4.1cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f21.ep... ...eps} \includegraphics[width=4.1cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f28.eps} } \end{figure}$ Figure 21: Contour plots of the 40-160 MHz rectangle-filtered maximum pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum in case of a horizontal 0.3 Gauss magnetic field ( upper panel) and a 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field ( lower panel) and $\gamma \equiv 60$ particles. Contour levels are 5 $\mu$ V m^-1 apart. From left to right: total electric field strength, north-south polarisation component, east-west polarisation component, vertical polarisation component.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,clip]{1873f29.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 22: Automatic ground-bin inactivation sequence in case of 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field. The north-south symmetry is broken as expected, cf. Fig. 15.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f30.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 23: Changes introduced when switching from monoenergetic $\gamma \equiv 60$ particles (thin lines) to a broken power-law peaking at $\gamma =60$ (thick lines) for emission from the shower maximum. Solid: to the north, dashed: to the west. See text for explanation of the drop at $\sim$ 200 m.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[height=7.5cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f31.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 24: Pattern of the maximum filtered electric field amplitude (in $\mu$ V m^-1) emitted by the maximum of a 10¹⁷ eV air shower consisting of 10⁸ particles at a height of 4 km for a 0.5 Gauss 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined magnetic field, a broken power-law particle energy distribution and a statistical distribution of track lengths.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f32.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 25: Spectra emitted by the maximum of a 10¹⁷ eV vertical air shower consisting of 10⁸ particles with $\gamma \equiv 60$ at a height of 4 km, long (constant 100 g cm^-2), but not symmetric, particle trajectories and horizontal 0.3 Gauss magnetic field. Thin lines: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003), thick lines: these MC simulations. Solid: 20 m, dashed: 100 m, dotted: 260 m to north from showercentre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f33.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 26: Same as Fig. 25 but scaling down the analytic results by a factor of two.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f34.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 27: Radial dependence of the emission for the same scenario as in Fig. 25. Thin lines: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003) scaled down by a factor of two, thick lines: these MC simulations. Solid: $\nu =50$ MHz, dashed: $\nu =75$ MHz, dotted: $\nu =100$ MHz. Distance is to north from shower centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f35.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 28: Spectra emitted by the maximum of a 10¹⁷ eV vertical air shower consisting of 10⁸ particles with broken power-law energy distribution at a height of 4 km, statistically distributed particle trajectories with 40 g cm^-2 mean path length and 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field. Thin lines: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003) scaled down by a factor of two, thick lines: these MC simulations. Solid: 20 m, dashed: 100 m, dotted: 260 m to north from shower centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f36.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 29: Radial dependence of the emission for the same scenario as in Fig. 28. Thin lines: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003) scaled down by a factor of two, thick lines: these MC simulations. Solid: $\nu =50$ MHz, dashed: $\nu =75$ MHz, dotted: $\nu =100$ MHz. Distance is to north from shower centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{xdepth}[c][t]{$X$\space [g~cm$^{-2}$ ]} \psfrag{num... ...$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f37.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 30: Comparison of I(X) (solid) and N(X) (dashed) as a function of atmospheric depth X for a vertical 10¹⁷ eV shower with $X_{{\rm m,e}}=631$ g cm^-2 and $\lambda =40$ g cm^-2.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f38.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 31: Trace of the trajectories in a complete 10¹⁷ eV air shower.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f39.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 32: Effects introduced in the radial dependence of the 40-160 MHz rectangle-filtered pulse amplitude by the integration over the shower evolution. Thick lines: integrated 10¹⁷ eV vertical shower with broken power-law particle energy distribution, statistical track length distribution with $\lambda =40$ g cm^-2 and 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field, thin lines: only shower maximum in same scenario. Solid: to the north, dashed: to the west.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eew0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(t)$ ~[$\mu$ V m$^{-1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f40.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 33: Pulses in the east-west polarisation component after 40-160 MHz rectangle-filtering for a shower as described in Fig. 32. Solid: in the shower centre, long dashed: 100 m to north of centre, short dashed: 260 m to north of centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\mbox{\includegraphics[width=4.1cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f41.ep... ...eps} \includegraphics[width=4.1cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f44.eps} } \end{figure}$ Figure 34: Contour plots of the 40-160 MHz rectangle-filtered pulse amplitude for the same scenario as described in Fig. 32. Contour levels are 20 $\mu$ V m^-1 apart. From left to right: total electric field strength, north-south polarisation component, east-west polarisation component, vertical polarisation component.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Exyomega0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{x/y}(\vec{R},\omega)$ ~... ...$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f45.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 35: Radial dependence of $E(\vec{R},\omega)$ for different polarisation components at $\nu =55$ MHz for the same scenario as in Fig. 32. Solid: east-west polarisation to the north from centre, long-dashed: north-south polarisation to the north from centre, short-dashed: east-west polarisation to the north-west from centre, dotted: north-south polarisation to the north-west from centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxvsRhonkg}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\ri... ...}$ } \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f46.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 36: Comparison of the filtered radio pulse amplitude (solid) and the particle density as given by the NKG-parametrisation (dashed) as a function of radial distance from the shower centre. Values were normalised to unity at r=60 m.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f47.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 37: Spectra emitted by a complete 10¹⁷ eV vertical air shower with maximum at 4 km height, broken power-law particle energy distribution, statistically distributed particle trajectories with 40 g cm^-2 mean path length and 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field. Thin lines: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003), thick lines: these MC simulations. Solid: shower centre, dashed: 100 m, dotted: 250 m to north from shower centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...u$ ~[MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270]{1873f48.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 38: Same as Fig. 37 but scaling down the analytic results by a factor of two. Data from Prah (1971) (gray) and Spencer (1969) (black) were rescaled to be consistent with the Allan (1971) data at $\nu =55$ MHz.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...^{-1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270]{1873f49.eps} \end{figure}$ Figure 39: Radial dependence of the emission at $\nu =55$ MHz for the same scenario as in Fig. 37. Dashed: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003). Solid: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003) scaled down by a factor of two (thin line) in comparison with these MC simulations (thick line). Data from Allan (1971). Distance is to north from shower centre.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.0cm,clip]{1873f1.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 1: Cutting off ${\gamma ^{-1}}$ -cones: only bins in the "ground-trace'' of a particle's trajectory are selected for evaluation.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.3cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f2.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 2: Smart trajectory sampling: the particle trajectory is sampled densely in the peak-region and only sparsely further outside.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.0cm,clip]{1873f3.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 3: The economic gridding mechanism: when new contributions are registered onto existing contributions, points are inserted and interpolated only as needed.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f4.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 4: Time-dependence of the raw pulses originating from the shower maximum as observed by an observer at ( from left to right) 20 m, 140 m and 460 m to the north from the shower centre.
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$\begin{figure} \psfrag{Eomega0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$\left\vert\vec{E}(\vec{R},\omeg... ...[MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f5.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 5: Spectra of pulses originating from the shower maximum for observers at ( from top to bottom) 20 m, 140 m, 340 m and 740 m distance to the north of the shower centre.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eew0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(t)$ ~[$\mu$ V m$^{-1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f6.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 6: Comparison of the east-west component of a raw pulse (solid), a pulse smoothed with a 40-160 MHz idealised rectangle filter (long dashed) and a 42.5-77.5 MHz filter as used in LOPES (short dashed) for emission from the shower maximum.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f7.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 7: Total field strength of a pulse originating from a point source of 10⁸ $\gamma =60$ particles in 4 km height, observed in the shower centre. Solid: analytic calculation, points: calculated with MC code.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f8.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 8: East-west polarisation component of a point-source with $\gamma =60$ particles at 4 km height at increasing distance to the north from the shower axis. From left to right: 5 m, 305 m, 505 m, 705 m, 855 m and 995 m.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\... ...1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f9.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 9: Same as figure 8 at increasing distance to the east from the shower axis.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f10.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 10: Individual particle pulses from a point-source shower as measured by an observer situated 995 m east of the shower centre. Solid: B=0.3 Gauss, dashed: B=0.5 Gauss. The time-integral over the pulses is constant.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{t0ns}[c][t]{$t$ ~[ns]} \psfrag{E0muVpm}[c][t]{$\left... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f11.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 11: Raw pulse from a shower slice calculated with different gridding strategies and resolutions. Solid with points: simple grid 10^-9 s, solid black: simple grid 10^-10 s, light coloured: economic grid 10^-12 s.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f12.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 12: Changes introduced by the smart sampling algorithm in the radial emission pattern of the rectangle-filtered maximum pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum. Thin lines: dense equidistant sampling, thick lines: smart sampling; solid: to the north, dashed: to the west.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f13.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 13: Changes introduced by the cutting off of regions outside a few ${\gamma ^{-1}}$ -cones in the radial emission pattern of the frequency-filtered maximum pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum. Distance from the shower centre is to the north. Solid: no cutting, long dashed: cutting after $8\ \gamma ^{-1}$ , short dashed: cutting after $4\ \gamma ^{-1}.$
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.2cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f14.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 14: Changes introduced to the radial emission pattern of the frequency-filtered maximum pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum by the automatic bin inactivation algorithm. Thin lines: no automatic bin inactivation, thick lines: automatic bin inactivation; solid: to the north, dashed: to the west.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,clip]{1873f15.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 15: Automatic ground-bin inactivation sequence. Darker bins are set inactive later than lighter bins. The sequence propagates from the inside to the outside. The pattern is east-west and north-south symmetric as expected for a vertical shower and a horizontal magnetic field.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f16.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 16: Radial dependence of the maximum rectangle-filtered pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum in the north (solid) and west (dashed) direction in case of constant and long particle trajectories ( $\lambda \equiv 100$ g cm^-2, no edge effects at high distances from the shower centre).
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f17.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 17: Same as Fig. 16 for $\lambda \equiv 40$ g cm^-2. See text for explanation of the "kink'' at $\sim$ 540 m.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eew0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(t)$ ~[$\mu$ V m$^{-1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f18.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 18: Time-dependence of the raw pulses originating from the shower maximum as observed by an observer at (from left to right) 460 m, 500 m, 540 m, 580 m and 620 m to the west from the shower centre. See text for explanation of the "polarity change''.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f19.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 19: North (solid) vs. west (dashed) asymmetry in the maximum filtered pulse amplitude for emission from the shower maximum in case of statistically distributed track-lengths. The asymmetry is washed out up to high distances.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f20.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 20: Changes to the north (solid) and west (dashed) radial emission patterns for emission from the shower maximum when going from a 0.3 Gauss horizontal magnetic field (thin lines) to a 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field (thick lines).
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,clip]{1873f29.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 22: Automatic ground-bin inactivation sequence in case of 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined 0.5 Gauss magnetic field. The north-south symmetry is broken as expected, cf. Fig. 15.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{EmaxmuVpm}[c][t]{Max$\left(\left\vert\vec{E}(t)\right... ...}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f30.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 23: Changes introduced when switching from monoenergetic $\gamma \equiv 60$ particles (thin lines) to a broken power-law peaking at $\gamma =60$ (thick lines) for emission from the shower maximum. Solid: to the north, dashed: to the west. See text for explanation of the drop at $\sim$ 200 m.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[height=7.5cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f31.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 24: Pattern of the maximum filtered electric field amplitude (in $\mu$ V m^-1) emitted by the maximum of a 10¹⁷ eV air shower consisting of 10⁸ particles at a height of 4 km for a 0.5 Gauss 70 $^{\circ }$ inclined magnetic field, a broken power-law particle energy distribution and a statistical distribution of track lengths.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...MHz]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f33.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 26: Same as Fig. 25 but scaling down the analytic results by a factor of two.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f34.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 27: Radial dependence of the emission for the same scenario as in Fig. 25. Thin lines: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003) scaled down by a factor of two, thick lines: these MC simulations. Solid: $\nu =50$ MHz, dashed: $\nu =75$ MHz, dotted: $\nu =100$ MHz. Distance is to north from shower centre.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eomegaew0muVpmpMHz}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(\vec{R},2\pi\... ...$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f36.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 29: Radial dependence of the emission for the same scenario as in Fig. 28. Thin lines: analytic calculations of Huege & Falcke (2003) scaled down by a factor of two, thick lines: these MC simulations. Solid: $\nu =50$ MHz, dashed: $\nu =75$ MHz, dotted: $\nu =100$ MHz. Distance is to north from shower centre.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{xdepth}[c][t]{$X$\space [g~cm$^{-2}$ ]} \psfrag{num... ...$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f37.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 30: Comparison of I(X) (solid) and N(X) (dashed) as a function of atmospheric depth X for a vertical 10¹⁷ eV shower with $X_{{\rm m,e}}=631$ g cm^-2 and $\lambda =40$ g cm^-2.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f38.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 31: Trace of the trajectories in a complete 10¹⁷ eV air shower.
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$\begin{figure} \par\psfrag{Eew0muVpm}[c][t]{$E_{{\rm EW}}(t)$ ~[$\mu$ V m$^{-1}$ ]} \includegraphics[height=8.6cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f40.eps} \end{figure}$	Figure 33: Pulses in the east-west polarisation component after 40-160 MHz rectangle-filtering for a shower as described in Fig. 32. Solid: in the shower centre, long dashed: 100 m to north of centre, short dashed: 260 m to north of centre.
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$\begin{figure} \par\mbox{\includegraphics[width=4.1cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f41.ep... ...eps} \includegraphics[width=4.1cm,angle=270,clip]{1873f44.eps} } \end{figure}$	Figure 34: Contour plots of the 40-160 MHz rectangle-filtered pulse amplitude for the same scenario as described in Fig. 32. Contour levels are 20 $\mu$ V m^-1 apart. From left to right: total electric field strength, north-south polarisation component, east-west polarisation component, vertical polarisation component.
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