Astronomy & Astrophysics

All Figures

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=4.6cm,clip]{fig1a.ps}\hspace*{6mm} \includegraphics[width=5.9cm,clip]{fig1b.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 1: Isocontours of electron ( left panel) and heavy particle ( right panel) temperatures for a high mass structure extracted from the large scale $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation including non-equipartition processes (the slices are 8 comoving $h^{-1}~{\rm Mpc}$ on a side and contour levels are: $10^6, 5\times 10^6, 10^7, 2\times 10^7, 5\times 10^7, 10^8$ K).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=4.6cm,clip]{fig2a.ps}\hspace*{6mm} \includegraphics[width=6cm,clip]{fig2b.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 2: Isocontours of the gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( left panel) and the heavy particle temperature in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation ( right panel) at z=4 (the slices are 8 comoving $h^{-1}~{\rm Mpc}$ on a side and contour levels are: 10, 10⁴, $4\times 10^4$ K).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=5.3cm,clip]{fig3a.ps}\par\vspace*{3mm}... ...b.ps}\par\vspace*{3mm} \includegraphics[width=5.3cm,clip]{fig3c.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 3: Temperature and ionization degree profiles along the line of sight marked by the dashed line in Fig. 2: gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( top panel), heavy particle temperature ( middle panel, plus sign), electron temperature ( middle panel, diamond sign), ionizationdegree in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation ( bottom panel, plus sign), ionizationdegree in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( bottom panel, diamond sign).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=10.2cm,clip]{fig4.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 4: Baryonic mass fraction per interval of electron temperature (thin line) and per interval of heavy particle temperature (thick line) at different redshifts in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=5.1cm,clip]{fig5a.ps}\hspace*{5mm} \in... ...fig5b.ps}\hspace*{5mm} \includegraphics[width=5.1cm,clip]{fig5c.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 5: Baryonic mass fraction at z=5 per interval of baryonic density contrast and per interval of heavy particle temperature ( left panel), per interval of electron temperature ( middle panel) in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation, per interval of gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( right panel), light grey is high mass fractions and temperature is shown on the ordinate axis.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=5cm,clip]{fig6a.ps}\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=5cm,clip]{fig6b.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 6: Evolution with redshift of the baryonic mass fraction computed for different ranges of temperature (normalized to the total baryonic mass with a temperature higher than $9~\times~ 10^3$ K): $9~\times~ 10^3 \leq T < 2~\times~ 10^4$ K (plus sign), $2~\times~ 10^4 \leq T < 5~\times~ 10^5$ K (triangle), $T \geq 5~\times~ 10^5$ K (star), in the $S_{3\rm T}$ (upper panel) and $S_{1\rm T}$ (lower panel) simulations.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\hspace*{2mm}\includegraphics[height=6.4cm]{fig7a.ps}\hspace*... ...6cm]{fig7c.ps}\hspace*{-1cm} \includegraphics[height=6cm]{fig7d.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 7: Influence of the viscous dissipation function: the $S_{3\rm T}$ and the $S_{1\rm rm T}$ simulations are now computed with the $Q_{\rm v}$ term (Eq. (3)) reduced by 10. Upper panels: isocontours of gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( left panel) and of heavy particle temperature in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation ( right panel) for the same field as in Fig. 2 (isocontours at $10, 10^4, 4 \times 10^4$ K). Bottom panels: temperature profiles along the line of sight shown on top panels by the dashed line: gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( left panel), heavy particle temperature ( right panel, plus sign), electron temperature ( right panel, diamond sign).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=13.9cm,clip]{fig8.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 8: Temporal evolution of heavy particle and electron temperatures a), ionization degree b), characteristic times c), and energy exchange and cooling rates d) using Eqs. (30)-(32).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=7.8cm,clip]{fig9a.ps}\par\vspace*{3mm} \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=7.8cm,clip]{fig9b.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 9: Heavy particle temperature versus electron temperature for different values of the ionization degree computed by Eq. (33) with a) and without b) collisional excitation cooling term in Eq. (27).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8.1cm,clip]{fig10.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 10: Heavy particle temperature versus electron temperature at z=3 in 300 cells randomly chosen in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation; each symbol represents the ionization degree in each cell and the curves are computed in the same way as in Fig. 9a.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=11.3cm,clip]{fig11.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 11: Baryonic mass fraction at z=10 per interval of the baryonic density contrast and per interval of the bulk temperature in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation ( left panel) and per interval of gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( right panel), both simulations including photoionization processes.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm,clip]{fig12.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 12: Collapsing redshift and mass of (1-2- $3)\sigma$ fluctuations (from left to right), computed by a spherical top-hat collapse model (Eq. (34)) in a $\Lambda$ -cold dark matter universe.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\mbox{\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=5.5cm,clip]{fig13a.ps}... ...ce{5mm} \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=5.5cm,clip]{fig13b.ps} }\end{figure}$ Figure 13: Heavy particle ( left panel) and electron ( right panel) temperature distributions at z=12 for the high resolution $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation with $N_{\rm p}=N_{\rm g}=384^3$ (the slices are 2.166 comoving h^-1 Mpc on a side and contour levels are: 2, 3, 10, 10³, $1.1 \times 10^4$ , $1.7 \times 10^4$ , $2.5 \times 10^4$ , $2\times 10^5$ K).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm,clip]{fig14.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 14: Temperature profiles along a line of sight (dashed line in Fig. 13) in the structure at z=12 for the high resolution $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation: heavy particle temperature (plus sign), electron temperature (diamond sign).
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm,clip]{fig15.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 15: Isocontours in a electron temperature-ionization degree diagram of cooling timescales computed with Eqs. (35) (dashed curves) and (36) (solid curves) normalized to the dynamical timescale (Eq. (37)), the labels on each curves are the ratios $t_{\rm cool}/t_{\rm dyn}$ .
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=10.9cm,clip]{fig16.ps} \end{figure}$ Figure 16: Baryonic mass fraction per interval of the baryonic density contrast computed at two redshifts for different ranges of temperature: $8\times 10^3 \leq T < 1.7 \times 10^4$ K (dashed line), $1.7 \times 10^4 \leq T < 3\times 10^4$ K (dot-dashed line), $3\times 10^4 \leq T < 5\times 10^5$ K (triple dot-dashed line) in the $S_{3\rm T}$ ( right panels) and the $S_{1\rm T}$ ( left panels) simulations.
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In the text

$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=4.6cm,clip]{fig1a.ps}\hspace*{6mm} \includegraphics[width=5.9cm,clip]{fig1b.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 1: Isocontours of electron ( left panel) and heavy particle ( right panel) temperatures for a high mass structure extracted from the large scale $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation including non-equipartition processes (the slices are 8 comoving $h^{-1}~{\rm Mpc}$ on a side and contour levels are: $10^6, 5\times 10^6, 10^7, 2\times 10^7, 5\times 10^7, 10^8$ K).
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=4.6cm,clip]{fig2a.ps}\hspace*{6mm} \includegraphics[width=6cm,clip]{fig2b.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 2: Isocontours of the gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( left panel) and the heavy particle temperature in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation ( right panel) at z=4 (the slices are 8 comoving $h^{-1}~{\rm Mpc}$ on a side and contour levels are: 10, 10⁴, $4\times 10^4$ K).
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=10.2cm,clip]{fig4.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 4: Baryonic mass fraction per interval of electron temperature (thin line) and per interval of heavy particle temperature (thick line) at different redshifts in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=5.1cm,clip]{fig5a.ps}\hspace{5mm} \in... ...fig5b.ps}\hspace{5mm} \includegraphics[width=5.1cm,clip]{fig5c.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 5: Baryonic mass fraction at z=5 per interval of baryonic density contrast and per interval of heavy particle temperature ( left panel), per interval of electron temperature ( middle panel) in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation, per interval of gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( right panel), light grey is high mass fractions and temperature is shown on the ordinate axis.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=13.9cm,clip]{fig8.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 8: Temporal evolution of heavy particle and electron temperatures a), ionization degree b), characteristic times c), and energy exchange and cooling rates d) using Eqs. (30)-(32).
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=7.8cm,clip]{fig9a.ps}\par\vspace*{3mm} \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=7.8cm,clip]{fig9b.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 9: Heavy particle temperature versus electron temperature for different values of the ionization degree computed by Eq. (33) with a) and without b) collisional excitation cooling term in Eq. (27).
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8.1cm,clip]{fig10.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 10: Heavy particle temperature versus electron temperature at z=3 in 300 cells randomly chosen in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation; each symbol represents the ionization degree in each cell and the curves are computed in the same way as in Fig. 9a.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=11.3cm,clip]{fig11.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 11: Baryonic mass fraction at z=10 per interval of the baryonic density contrast and per interval of the bulk temperature in the $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation ( left panel) and per interval of gas temperature in the $S_{1\rm T}$ simulation ( right panel), both simulations including photoionization processes.
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm,clip]{fig12.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 12: Collapsing redshift and mass of (1-2- $3)\sigma$ fluctuations (from left to right), computed by a spherical top-hat collapse model (Eq. (34)) in a $\Lambda$ -cold dark matter universe.
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$\begin{figure} \par\mbox{\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=5.5cm,clip]{fig13a.ps}... ...ce{5mm} \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=5.5cm,clip]{fig13b.ps} }\end{figure}$	Figure 13: Heavy particle ( left panel) and electron ( right panel) temperature distributions at z=12 for the high resolution $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation with $N_{\rm p}=N_{\rm g}=384^3$ (the slices are 2.166 comoving h^-1 Mpc on a side and contour levels are: 2, 3, 10, 10³, $1.1 \times 10^4$ , $1.7 \times 10^4$ , $2.5 \times 10^4$ , $2\times 10^5$ K).
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm,clip]{fig14.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 14: Temperature profiles along a line of sight (dashed line in Fig. 13) in the structure at z=12 for the high resolution $S_{3\rm T}$ simulation: heavy particle temperature (plus sign), electron temperature (diamond sign).
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$\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm,clip]{fig15.ps} \end{figure}$	Figure 15: Isocontours in a electron temperature-ionization degree diagram of cooling timescales computed with Eqs. (35) (dashed curves) and (36) (solid curves) normalized to the dynamical timescale (Eq. (37)), the labels on each curves are the ratios $t_{\rm cool}/t_{\rm dyn}$ .
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