The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets

XXVIII. Up to seven planets orbiting HD 10180: probing the architecture of low-mass planetary systems^⋆,⋆⋆

C. Lovis¹, D. Ségransan¹, M. Mayor¹, S. Udry¹, W. Benz², J.-L. Bertaux³, F. Bouchy^4,5, A. C. M. Correia⁶, J. Laskar⁷, G. Lo Curto⁸, C. Mordasini^9,2, F. Pepe¹, D. Queloz¹ and N. C. Santos^10,1

¹ Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
e-mail: christophe.lovis@unige.ch
² Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
³ Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, LATMOS-IPSL, 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
⁴ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵ Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS/OAMP, 04870 St. Michel l’ Observatoire, France
⁶ Department of Physics, I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
⁷ ASD, IMCCE-CNRS UMR8028, Observatoire de Paris, UPMC, 77 Av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
⁸ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁰ Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

Received: 12 August 2010
Accepted: 18 November 2010

Abstract

Context. Low-mass extrasolar planets are presently being discovered at an increased pace by radial velocity and transit surveys, which opens a new window on planetary systems.

Aims. We are conducting a high-precision radial velocity survey with the HARPS spectrograph, which aims at characterizing the population of ice giants and super-Earths around nearby solar-type stars. This will lead to a better understanding of their formation and evolution, and will yield a global picture of planetary systems from gas giants down to telluric planets.

Methods. Progress has been possible in this field thanks in particular to the sub-m s^-1 radial velocity precision achieved by HARPS. We present here new high-quality measurements from this instrument.

Results. We report the discovery of a planetary system comprising at least five Neptune-like planets with minimum masses ranging from 12 to 25 M_⊕, orbiting the solar-type star HD 10180 at separations between 0.06 and 1.4 AU. A sixth radial velocity signal is present at a longer period, probably caused by a 65-M_⊕ object. Moreover, another body with a minimum mass as low as 1.4 M_⊕ may be present at 0.02 AU from the star. This is the most populated exoplanetary system known to date. The planets are in a dense but still well separated configuration, with significant secular interactions. Some of the orbital period ratios are fairly close to integer or half-integer values, but the system does not exhibit any mean-motion resonances. General relativity effects and tidal dissipation play an important role to stabilize the innermost planet and the system as a whole. Numerical integrations show long-term dynamical stability provided true masses are within a factor  ~3 from minimum masses. We further note that several low-mass planetary systems exhibit a rather “packed” orbital architecture with little or no space left for additional planets. In several cases, semi-major axes are fairly regularly spaced on a logarithmic scale, giving rise to approximate Titius-Bode-like (i.e. exponential) laws. These dynamical architectures can be interpreted as the signature of formation scenarios where type I migration and interactions between protoplanets play a major role. However, it remains challenging to explain the presence of so many Neptunes and super-Earths on non-resonant, well-ordered orbits within  ~1−2 AU of the central star. Finally, we also confirm the marked dependence of planet formation on both metallicity and stellar mass. Very massive systems are all found around metal-rich stars more massive than the Sun, while low-mass systems are only found around metal-deficient stars less massive than the Sun.