Broadband infrared photometry of comet Hale-Bopp with ISOPHOT

A&A 377, 1098-1118 (2001)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011139

Broadband infrared photometry of comet Hale-Bopp with ISOPHOT

E. Grün¹, M. S. Hanner², S. B. Peschke^{1, 3}, T. Müller³, H. Boehnhardt⁴, T. Y. Brooke², H. Campins⁵, J. Crovisier⁶, C. Delahodde⁴, I. Heinrichsen³, H. U. Keller⁷, R. F. Knacke⁸, H. Krüger¹, P. Lamy⁹, Ch. Leinert¹⁰, D. Lemke¹⁰, C. M. Lisse¹¹, M. Müller^{1, 12}, D. J. Osip¹², M. Solc¹³, M. Stickel¹⁰, M. Sykes⁵, V. Vanysek¹³ and J. Zarnecki¹⁴

¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
² Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, USA
³ ISO Data Centre, ESA, Villafranca, Spain
⁴ European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
⁵ University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, USA
⁶ Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
⁷ Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
⁸ Penn State University, Erie PA, USA
⁹ Laboratoire d'astrophysique spatiale, Marseille, France
¹⁰ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany
¹¹ Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore MD, USA
¹² Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
¹³ Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
¹⁴ University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

(Received 25 April 2000 / Accepted 6 August 2001 )

Abstract
Comet Hale-Bopp was observed five times with ISOPHOT, the photometer on board ESA's Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) between 4.6 and 2.8 AU. Each time, broadband photometry was performed using 4 different detectors, 5 apertures and 10 filters covering the range between 3.6 and 170 $\mu$ m. Background observations were performed with identical instrument settings at the same positions on the sky several days after the comet observations. The observation strategy and the data reduction steps are described in some detail, including the techniques to correct for variable detector responsivity. The resulting inband power values of the Hale-Bopp observations and their uncertainties are given. The mean uncertainty is 25% . The final fluxes were computed, taking into account the zodiacal background, possible offset of the comet's position from the center of the aperture, the brightness distribution within the coma, and the spectral energy distribution of the comet's emission. Strong thermal emission from a broad size distribution of dust particles was detected in all of the data sets, even at r=4.6-4.9 AU pre-perihelion and 3.9 AU post-perihelion; the total thermal energy varied as r^-3. The 7.3-12.8 $\mu$ m color temperature was ~1.5 times the blackbody temperature, higher than that observed in any other comet. Silicate features at 10 and 25 $\mu$ m were prominent in all 5 data sets, the largest heliocentric distances that silicate emission has been detected in a comet. The presence of crystalline water ice grains is suggested from the 60 $\mu$ m excess emission at 4.6-4.9 AU, consistent with the observed Q_OH if the icy grains were slightly warmer than an equilibrium blackbody. The average albedo of the dust is higher than that of comet P/Halley, but lower than other albedo measurements for Hale-Bopp nearer perihelion. There is no evidence for a component of cold, bright icy grains enhancing the scattered light at 4.6 AU. Simple models for a mixture of silicate and absorbing grains were fit to the ISO spectra and photometry at 2.8 AU. The observed flux at $\lambda > 100 \mu$ m requires a size distribution in which most of the mass is concentrated in large particles. Dust production rates of order $1.5\times 10^5$ kg s^-1 at 2.8 AU and $3\times 10^4$ kg s^-1 at 4.6 AU have been found. They correspond to dust to gas mass ratios of 6 to 10.

Key words: comets: individual: C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) -- infrared: solar system

Offprint request: E. Grün, eberhard.gruen@mpi-hd.mpg.de