The 3-D ionization structure and evolution of NGC 7009 (Saturn Nebula)

Free access article

Issue		A&A Volume 416, Number 3, March IV 2004


Page(s)		955 - 981
Section		Interstellar and circumstellar matter
DOI		10.1051/0004-6361:20031729

A&A 416, 955-981 (2004)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20031729

The 3-D ionization structure and evolution of NGC 7009 (Saturn Nebula)

F. Sabbadin¹, M. Turatto¹, E. Cappellaro², S. Benetti¹ and R. Ragazzoni^{3, 4}

¹ INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
² INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, via Moiariello 11, 80131 Napoli, Italy
³ INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Koenigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

(Received 10 July 2003 / Accepted 27 November 2003 )

Abstract
Tomographic and 3-D analyses for extended, emission-line objects are applied to long-slit ESO NTT + EMMI high-resolution spectra of the intriguing planetary nebula NGC 7009, covered at twelve position angles. We derive the gas expansion law, the diagnostics and ionic radial profiles, the distance and the central star parameters, the nebular photo-ionization model and the spatial recovery of the plasma structure and evolution. The Saturn Nebula ( ${\rm distance}\simeq1.4$ kpc, ${\rm age}\simeq6000$ yr, ionized ${\rm mass}\simeq0.18$ $M_\odot$ ) consists of several interconnected components, characterized by different morphology, physical conditions, excitation and kinematics. We identify four "large-scale", mean-to-high excitation sub-systems (the internal shell, the main shell, the outer shell and the halo), and as many "small-scale" ones: the caps (strings of low-excitation knots within the outer shell), the ansae (polar, low-excitation, likely shocked layers), the streams (high-excitation polar regions connecting the main shell with the ansae), and an equatorial, medium-to-low excitation pseudo-ring within the outer shell. The internal shell, the main shell, the streams and the ansae expand at $V{\rm _{exp}}\simeq4.0 \times R$ ´´ km s ^-1, the outer shell, the caps and the equatorial pseudo-ring at $V{\rm _{exp}}\simeq3.15 \times R$ ´´ km s ^-1, and the halo at $V{\rm _{exp}}\simeq10$ km s ^-1. We compare the radial distribution of the physical conditions and the line fluxes observed in the eight sub-systems with the theoretical profiles coming from the photo-ionization code CLOUDY, inferring that all the spectral characteristics of NGC 7009 are explainable in terms of photo-ionization by the central star, a hot ( $\log\, T_* \simeq4.95$ ) and luminous ( $\log\, L_*/L_\odot\simeq3.70$ ) 0.60-0.61 $M_\odot$ post-AGB star in the hydrogen-shell nuclear burning phase. The 3-D shaping of the Saturn Nebula is discussed within an evolutionary scenario dominated by photo-ionization and supported by the fast stellar wind: it begins with the superwind ejection (first isotropic, then polar deficient), passes through the neutral, transition phase (lasting $\simeq$ 3000 yr), the ionization start (occurred $\simeq$ 2000 yr ago), and the full ionization of the main shell ( $\simeq$ 1000 yr ago), at last reaching the present days: the whole nebula is optically thin to the UV stellar flux, except the caps (mean latitude condensations in the outer shell, shadowed by the main shell) and the ansae (supersonic ionization fronts along the major axis).

Key words: planetary nebulae: individual: NGC 7009 -- ISM: kinematics and dynamics

Offprint request: F. Sabbadin, sabbadin@pd.astro.it

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