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Issue A&A Volume 400, Number 2, March III 2003 Page(s) 499 - 510 Section Galactic structure and dynamics DOI 10.1051/0004-6361:20030001

A&A 400, 499-510 (2003)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20030001

Are the hosts of gamma-ray bursts sub-luminous and blue galaxies?

E. Le Floc'h¹, P.-A. Duc^{1, 2}, I. F. Mirabel^{1, 3}, D. B. Sanders^{4, 5}, G. Bosch⁶, R. J. Diaz⁷, C. J. Donzelli⁸, I. Rodrigues¹, T. J.-L. Courvoisier^{9, 10}, J. Greiner⁵, S. Mereghetti¹¹, J. Melnick¹², J. Maza¹³ and D. Minniti<sup>14

1</sup>  CEA/DSM/DAPNIA Service d'Astrophysique, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
²  CNRS URA 2052, France
³  Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio, cc 67, suc 28. 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
⁴  Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
⁵  Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85740 Garching, Germany
⁶  Facultad de Cs. Astronomicas y Geofísica, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina
⁷  Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba & SeCyT, UNC, Laprida 854, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
⁸  IATE, Observatorio Astronómico & CONICET, Laprida 854, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
⁹  INTEGRAL Science Data Center, Ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
¹⁰  Geneva Observatory, Ch. des Maillettes 11, 1290 Sauverny, Switzerland
¹¹  Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Sezione di Milano "G. Occhialini", via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
¹²  European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Santiago, Chile
¹³  Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
¹⁴  Department of Astronomy, Pontifica Universidad Católica, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile

(Received 3 December 2002 / Accepted 19 December 2002 )

Abstract
We present K-band imaging observations of ten gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies for which an optical and/or radio afterglow associated with the GRB event was clearly identified. Data were obtained with the Very Large Telescope and New Technology Telescope at ESO (Chile), and with the Gemini-North telescope at Mauna Kea (Hawaii). Adding to our sample nine other GRB hosts with K-band photometry and determined redshifts published in the literature, we compare their observed and absolute K magnitudes as well as their R-K colours with those of other distant sources detected in various optical, near-infrared, mid-infrared and submillimeter deep surveys. We find that the GRB host galaxies, most of them lying at , exhibit very blue colours, comparable to those of the faint blue star-forming sources at high redshift. They are sub-luminous in the K-band, suggesting a low stellar mass content. We do not find any GRB hosts harbouring R- and K-band properties similar to those characterizing the luminous infrared/submillimeter sources and the extremely red starbursts. Should GRBs be regarded as an unbiased probe of star-forming activity, this lack of luminous and/or reddened objects among the GRB host sample might reveal that the detection of GRB optical afterglows is likely biased toward unobscured galaxies. It would moreover support the idea that a large fraction of the optically-dark GRBs occur within dust-enshrouded regions of star formation. On the other hand, our result might also simply reflect intrinsic properties of GRB host galaxies experiencing a first episode of very massive star formation and characterized by a rather weak underlying stellar population. Finally, we compute the absolute B magnitudes for the whole sample of GRB host galaxies with known redshifts and detected at optical wavelengths. We find that the latter appear statistically even less luminous than the faint blue sources which mostly contributed to the B-band light emitted at high redshift. This indicates that the formation of GRBs could be favoured in particular systems with very low luminosities and, therefore, low metallicities. Such an intrinsic bias toward metal-poor environments would be actually consistent with what can be expected from the currently-favoured scenario of the "collapsar". The forthcoming launch of the SWIFT mission at the end of 2003 will provide a dramatic increase of the number of GRB-selected sources. A detailed study of the chemical composition of the gas within this sample of galaxies will thus allow us to further analyse the potential effect of metallicity in the formation of GRB events.

Key words: galaxies: starburst -- galaxies: evolution -- cosmology: observations -- gamma rays: bursts

Offprint request: E. Le Floc'h, elefloch@cea.fr

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